How to Mark a Book Essay -- Reading Literature Essays

How to Mark a Book missing works cited You know you have to read "between the lines" to get the most out of anything. I want to persuade you to do something equally important in the course of your reading. I want to persuade you to "write between the lines." Unless you do, you are not likely to do the most efficient kind of reading. I contend, quite bluntly, that marking up a book is not an act of mutilation but of love. You shouldn't mark up a book which isn't yours. Librarians (or your friends) who lend you books expect you to keep them clean, and you should. If you decide that I am right about the usefulness of marking books, you will have to buy them. Most of the world's great books are available today, in reprint editions. There are two ways in which one can own a book. The first is the property right you establish by paving for it, just as you pay for clothes and furniture. But this act of purchase is only the prelude to possession. Full ownership comes only when you have made it a part of yourself, and the best way to make yourself a part of it is by writing in it. An illustration may make the point clear. You buy a beefsteak and transfer it from the butcher's icebox to your own. But you do not own the beefsteak in the most important sense until you consume it and get it into your bloodstream. I am arguing that books, too, must be absorbed in your bloodstream to do you any good. Confusion about what it means to own a book leads people to a false reverence for paper, binding, and type - a respect for the physical thing - the craft of the printer rather than the genius of the author. They forget that it is possible for a man to acquire the idea, to possess the beauty, which a great book contain... ...em you can get through, but rather how many can get through you - how many you can make your own. A few friends are better than a thousand acquaintances. If this be your aim, as it should be, you will not be impatient if it takes more time and effort to read a great book than it does a newspaper. You may have one final objection to marking books. You can't lend them to your friends because nobody else can read them without being distracted by your notes. Furthermore, you won't want to lend them because a marked copy is a kind of intellectual diary, and lending it is almost like giving your mind away. If your friend wishes to read your "Plutarch's Lives," "Shakespeare," or "The Federalist Papers," tell him gently but firmly, to buy a copy. You will lend him your car or your coat - but your books are as much a part of you as your head or your heart.

Gender and Language Essay

Other forms which establish their superiority over women is their need for scientific jargon, to prove to women (and sometime themselves) that they are the more intelligent of the two genders. Other male magazines tend to use abbreviated terms for titles or objects, which connote authority, such as ‘FHM’, ‘GQ’ or even ‘MAX POWER’. These titles connote the idea of periodic and scientifically symbols or even macho representations such as G. I Joe. Max Power being a prime example of the bigger is better theory shared by a majority of males. In which case all the titles connote the idea that by reading these magazines they will fundamentally gain enjoyment and authority as well as establishing the male gender as the more dominant of the two. The placing of the title also suggests that what men really want from a magazine is what the media has always believed to be true; Sexually portrayed, attractive young women spread across the front cover, regardless if the title can be seen or not, is always more likely to sell to a male audience rather than another male being shown. The actress Tara Reid is the focus point of the front page and draws the reader in, due to her seductive pose. She is inviting but yet still shows sign of vulnerability and innocents as her ensemble of clothing is of very lacy and more to the point of white fabric, white connoting all that is good and untouched by others. The tag line also insinuates that the article containing her will also be of great interest to a male audience as it is sexually oriented and suggests phallic implications. This has been chosen to suit what is speculated to be the needs of today’s man, which is the chance to be the more dominant of genders and who is capable of giving women security. This ideology and belief has now been shifted, as women today are more than capable of dealing with life much better on their own without a man. Men are also more aware of how women like to be seen as equal to them, and some are very open to this change while others prefer to remain in the past and continue to view women as docile individuals. The cover of ‘Maxim’ doesn’t encourage today’s changes in genders, which suggest this is how they maintain an audience of male chauvinists, or at least to gain their attention. Within the actually magazine stories and articles are very similar to those found in female magazines but obviously aimed at a male audience. It’s very refreshing to see that the barriers between the two sexes are very alike, in terms of language used and design. The typical ‘hard’ image of what men perceive to be has in some ways become more softer and less aggressive, showing that the new man of the twenty-first century can also adapt to new ideas, and that the gap between the two genders draws closer with each generation. Obviously certain aspects of the magazine must be deemed just for a man, or at least of more interest to a man than to a women, for instance an article which expressed ways in which police officers captured and tormented their prisoners, showed images of guns and military dressed young men with vicious blood thirsty dogs barking at the prisoners. The overall affect of the images were very crude and somewhat inhumane, but for some men the idea of human destruction and war will always be of interest to them, for reasons which still hold questions as to why? Overall the identification of this magazine being targeted at a male audience can be said to be true, due to the following aspects: – A Semi- nude female (preferably blond) will be spread across the front page, more identifiable if the female is already well known. – The title expresses a large quantity as mentioned by theorist Raymond Williams that men are prone to the idea that ‘Big is always better’ – Sub-headings denote issues, which contain those related to sport, especially as the world cup is due to start. – And current affair issues which reflect destruction and chaos from around the world whereas with a female magazine the current affairs brought up are mostly directed at individuals who are form the world of showbiz or contain humour. In terms of the last point, female magazines such as ‘MORE! ‘ tend not to dramatise or even discuss issues which reflect those found on the news unless it is of relevance to their British, female audiences. This in some ways might be because they still fear that women are quite frail and are more prone to show emotion to such topics. Hence defeating the object of a magazine being a medium of entertainment, if the issues raised are of a more serious nature. This is where the difference between magazine journalism and that of newspaper journalism lies. As Newspaper writing is aimed at various individuals and not to one set gender or age group it allows for news and entertainment of both kinds to be expressed without the fear of upsetting anyone, as this is what it is set out to do. Magazines such as MORE, are what give female audiences a break from reality and allow them to indulge into the world of gossip and fame. A belief shared by most people, in particularly men, that women enjoy gossip. Mary Crawford states that gossip allows women to communicate with their peers and gives them a sense of comfort; being allowed to know what other people are doing from another world, which in turn is very different to that of their own gives them satisfaction and enjoyment. In conclusion what I have noticed within my brief analysis is that although times have changed male magazines still seem more relatable to today’s society and contain more in-depth issues which a lot of female magazines fear to tread on. However this may only be the start, barriers have already started to break between the two genders and with time these barriers may cease to exist. As women are now given more sexual freedom and social changes have taken place in terms of media influences (for instance commercials now cater for all genders and represent them as equal to men). A lot more of society now embrace the new feminist women and single mothers and radical changes have taken place in order to have reach this state as well as changes from men and their somewhat narcissistic attitudes. A quote, which most women of today’s society can now identify with would be that of Charles Fourier in 1808, which said stated that ‘The extension of women’s rights is the basic of all social change. ‘ In other words allow women to live the way in which they choose and not condemn them for it and changes within the sexes will be made for the better. Bibliography Crawford, M ‘Talking difference: on Gender and Language’, Sage 1995 Fourier C, ‘ Theories of the forth Movement, 1880 Martin, M, ‘Ways of reading’, language and gender, 2000 Williams, R. (1980/1996) ‘Advertising the Magic System’, Media Studies: A Reader

Strategy Implementation - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2312 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Strategy Implementation" essay for you Create order       à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Teams and groups are essential to strategy formulation and implementationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Please discuss with reference to the literature. Strategic Management brings together the goals of the business in unison with the environment it competes in. Formulation and implementation of these goals using the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s resources is key to the strategic Management concept. An essential part of a companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s resources is its teams and groups. Management can steer teams and groups in a meaningful way to achieve the goals of the business. Cane suggests that a group of people that donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t know they are a team cannot be one. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“It is certainly true to say that any group of people who do not know they are a team cannot be one. To become a team, a group of individuals needs to have a strong purpose and to work towards that purpose rather than individually. They need also to believe they will achieve more by co-operation than working individuallyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Although groups and teams appear to be similar entities there are distinct differences as pointed out by Meredith Belbin in à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Beyond the Teamà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . The differences that can be found relate to size, selection, leadership, perception, style and spirit. Some differences of note include the fact that teams are limited by size whilst groups can be bigger another notable, selection of team members is crucial compared to a groupà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s which is immaterial. Belbin created nine team roles that all have their strengths and weaknesses Plant:Creative but can ignore important details Resource Investigator:Extrovert but can be overly optimistic Co-ordinator:Delegates well but can be seen as manipulative Shaper:Dynamic but can provoke others Monitor-evaluator: See all options but can be overly critical Team worker:Co-operative but can be indecisive Implementer:Reliable but sometimes inflexible Completer:Delivers on time but can be reluctant to delegate Specialist:Dedication but only to a certain area From a strategy perspective these roles all have their place within the team and their interaction together serves the organisation as a whole. Managers must be careful to utilise team members in their roles taking note on how they complement each other. Direction must be led by managers who believe in situational leadership and remember the statement below from Ken Blanchardà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s bestseller à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Leadership and the one minute managerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“There is nothing so unequal as the equal treatment of unequalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢sà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Blanchard, 1985) P.33 As individuals in organisations we are prone to the social loafing effect made famous by Ringelmann. This effect means people exert less than 50% effort within their team in contrast to the effort they would exert in individual tasks. The effect is directly related to links between effort and reward. The opposite of social loafing is social facilitation when workin g with others can have a positive effect on output. The key reason for its success depends on what level individual contributions are evaluated. In general people donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t want to show weakness in front of others. Companies that seek successful strategic management should seek to enjoy social facilitation by evaluating individual performance within teams. Groups within organisations can be split into two types formal and informal. Both are important for Strategic Management, the formal group which operates at multiple levels within the organisation is relatively permanent. The informal group which can be important for networking and work satisfaction is more informal. (Mullins, 2013) P.305 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Richesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ suggests that teams should create norms of behaviour and stick to them in order to achieve good team performance. Team members get used to these norms and they mostly have a positive impact but can be negative also. They teach people t o behave in a certain way within the team often depending on the behaviour of the manager. An example of a negative team norm would be the code of silence relating to drug use during the US Postal Teams Tour de France victories. Lance Armstrong and his colleagues had entered into this norm together to protect themselves from sanctions. Eventually the truth came out but it took a long time before the scandal actually unfolded. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/usada-report-slams-lance-armstrong/ Information available from their website (cbsnews.com, 2012) To develop teams for strategic management organisations can incorporate Professor Bruce Tuckmanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s stages model: Forming:Getting to know each other Storming:Disagreements expressed and challenges offered Norming:Focus begins on making team decisions Performing:Cohesiveness is created, Performance of outlined goals occurs Adjourning:Group is dissolved due to goal being met Hrebiniak describes the importance of coordinating teams and groups in his book à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Making Strategy Workà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The work of diverse and separate organizational units must be coordinated to achieve desired results and a unity or consistency of effort. Structure shows the different parts of an organisation and their separate capabilities. Integration or coordination of these parts or units and their capabilities is absolutely vital to the execution of a coherent, focused strategyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  In addition he describes how execution of strategy suffers if performance measures arenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t used. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Execution suffers heavily if performance measures arenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t used as the basis of managerial responsibility and accountability. Measurability and accountability are vital aspects paving the path to execution successà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Measurable objectives Accountability for Performance against Objective s Execution Success (Hrebiniak, 2005) P.141 P.190 According to ACAS the importance of forming teams and groups for strategic management can be attributed to the following reasons: Improves productivity Improves quality and encourages innovation Takes advantage of opportunities provided by technological advances Improves employee motivation and commitment (Mullins, 2013) P.325 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Adamsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ confirms how important teamwork is to organisations à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The point is that teamwork is not an option for a successful organisation; it is a necessity. Teamwork can lead to achievement, creativity and energy levels that someone alone or perhaps with just one person could hardly imagine. (Mullins, 2013) P.326 Ashmos and Nathan make the following point à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The use of teams has expanded dramatically in response to competitive challenges. In fact one of the most common skills required by new work practices is the ability to work as a teamà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Grant, 2010) P.188 A fundamental problem of organizations is reconciling specialization with co-ordination and Cooperation. Employees are usually grouped by Tasks, Products, Geography and Process. These groups then need to be controlled. Oliver Williamson calls this à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Principle of Hierarchal Decompositionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Grant, 2010) P.190 Additionally factors that can affect organizations are: Economies of Scale: Group specialized teams together to exploit maximum economies of scale Economies of Utilization: Group together similar activities results in fuller utilization of employees Learning: Create multifunctional work groups to form architectural knowledge Standardization of control systems: Similar tasks should be grouped together from a performance measurement standpoint The below website outlines five disciplines relevant to the strategy direction of teams in organisations. The article states that organizations rarely have an issue with developing a strategy, ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s the execution that is the problem. https://www.fastmeetings.com.au/5-disciplines-of-successful-strategy-implementation/ Information available from their website (fastmeetings.com.au, 2014) Commissioning: Being clear about the purpose and ends Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s importan t for teams and group to have full sight of the end goal throughout the process. They should understand why they are trying to achieve this goal and the benefits it will bring. Understanding the process and end state motivates team members making their work more interesting. Clarifying: Being clear about strategies, priorities and measurable objects Teams need to ensure the goals they set for themselves are SMART (specific, measurable, achievable, relevant and time-bound) Complete reviews of goals should be set at regular intervals to ensure plans move forward. Occasionally team members may need coaching assistance to achieve the goals that are set. Co-creating: Working together to innovate, make decisions and solve problems Companies that encourage innovative tasks among team members will provide ideas for the future. Brainstorm labs and creative settings should be encouraged at all costs to secure the organisation in future years. This is vital especially in the techno logy sector where companies such as Apple, Dell, Samsung and Nokia fight for limited market share. Innovation and patents can often be the lifeblood of this fast moving sector. Connecting: Engaging with stakeholder groups, staff, boards and customers Teams should align themselves together for the good of the organisation. This involves meeting together at regular intervals to discuss strategy objectives. An open mind is required by all groups in devising and implementing strategy. Team Learning: Developing each other and the collective whole through action, learning and unlearning Groups work together to learn and apply new items that will make the organisation successful. Items that hinder or are negative to the organisation should be unlearned at this point. This article also addresses why organizations use teams https://www.managementstudyguide.com/importance-of-team.htm Information available from their website (managementstudyguide.com, 2014) Teams get th ings done faster than individuals alone: The output of teams working together is better than that of individuals. Together teams can specialize and utilize economies of scale. Work does not fall behind within a team: Work can be managed by other team members during holidays and illness. This ensures full cover and attention to all clients consistently. Teams promote healthy competition within the organization: Employees will strive to meet and exceed the work rate of their colleagues. This increases output within the team and creates experienced new leaders for the organisation. Bonding of employees is better within teams: Employees feel motivated to perform when they work with others. This team building is important for culture and staff retention. New skills are developed within teams: A diverse team can share knowledge and improve each otherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s skills by introducing their experiences from their previous organizations. In addition team members may hav e developed valuable skills in third level education they may wish to share. A certain type of group called a Quality circle can help the organisation improve its output and overall standards. On completion of their work the group will make recommendations to management to improve their processes. The group may also have the authority to implement the recommendations. This type of proactive involvement by groups is a great example of how strategy formulation and implementation is assisted by specialised groupings. Strong working groups are not always a positive for organisations as their culture can be hard to change once developed. In addition the norms of certain groups may cross the boundaries of what the organisation expects. To get the most out of teams and groups in relation their strategy needs they must have effective leadership in place. Management styles can differ and treatment of others is vital in order to develop success. Some basic management philosophies include: Recognition and trust Involvement and availability Consideration, respect and trust Fair and equitable treatment (Mullins, 2013) P.478 Managers who lead teams with effective strategic management in mind should take note of the 3-D model of managerial behaviour devised by Reddin. This model involves a combination of task orientation and relationship orientation. The interaction between these determines the behaviour of the manager towards his/her team. There are 4 effective styles and 4 less effective styles. Bureaucrat (Effective) Benevolent autocrat (Effective) Developer (Effective) Executive (Effective) Deserter (Less effective) Autocrat (Less effective) Missionary (Less effective) Compromiser (Less effective) Hayes and Hyde (1998) created six steps that organisations should use when approaching external change. Teams and groups have full involvement in each of the steps. Senior management needs to apply strategic management using these steps and be cognisant that their teams and groups will be affected during the process. Recognise the need for change Start the change process Diagnose Plan and prepare to implement Implement change Review Without teams and groups in organisations it would be impossible to implement strategy successfully. As individuals we do not have the capabilities or the time to be good at everything. Our dedication is not as strong when we are on our own. Physcologically we need others to stimulate our competitiveness. We strive for the social facilitation effect even if we donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t actually realise we are doing it. Organisations that mentor and grow teams successfully reap the benefits down the line. By steering the teams via senior and middle management good leadership will implement strategy successfully. The changing face of technology and input of new disrupters ensures organisations need to work hard to formulate and implement ahead of their competitors. Large companies that failed to adapt to change and suffered because of it could have utilised their teams a little better. Could Kodak have foreseen and implemented digital camera technology quicker? Why did Nokia fall fro m the market leader position for mobile phones? Of course adapting our people is a challenge for all people managers and depends on the individuals Locus of Control. Changes of strategy can be difficult for people within teams if they have an external locus of control. Management needs to be wary of this when making strategy decisions and they should guide their teams through the process. Communication needs to be clear and motivation/support high. In addition any training needs should be addressed to ensure a smooth transition. References Textbooks Management Organisational Behaviour, 10th edition, L. Mullins (with G. Christy), Pearson, 2013 Robert M. Grant, 2010. Contemporary Strategy Analysis: Text Only. 7th Edition. Wiley. Ken Blanchard, 1985. Leadership and the One Minute Manager: Increasing Effectiveness Through Situational Leadership. 1 Edition. William Morrow. Lawrence G. Hrebiniak, 2005. Making Strategy Work: Leading Effective Execution and Change. Editio n. Pearson Prentice Hall. Websites USADA report slams Lance Armstrong CBS News. 2014. USADA report slams Lance Armstrong CBS News. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.cbsnews.com/news/usada-report-slams-lance-armstrong/. [Accessed 19 July 2014]. 5 Disciplines of Successful Strategy Implementation Fast Meetings | Effective Meetings to Improve Productivity. 2014. 5 Disciplines of Successful Strategy Implementation Fast Meetings | Effective Meetings to Improve Productivity. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.fastmeetings.com.au/5-disciplines-of-successful-strategy-implementation/. [Accessed 21 July 2014]. Importance of Team and Team Work. 2014. Importance of Team and Team Work. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.managementstudyguide.com/importance-of-team.htm. [Accessed 23 July 2014]. Lecture notes Strategy Implementation Module à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" (Bachelor Financial Services, 2014) 1

Researching a Famous Ancestor in Your Family Tree

Am I related to someone famous? This is one of the questions that often first sparks a persons interest in genealogy. Maybe youve heard that youre descended from Benjamin Franklin, Abraham Lincoln, Davy Crockett, or Pocahontas. Or perhaps you suspect a family connection (however distant) to Princess Diana, Shirley Temple, or Marilyn Monroe. Maybe you even share a surname with someone famous and wonder if youre somehow related. Research Back to the Famous Ancestor If you suspect a famous individual or two in your family tree, begin by learning as much about your own family history as possible. Assembling the names and dates in your own family tree is necessary for later connecting with the large databases and biographies that hold previously done research on famous individuals. Whether youre directly descended or a tenth cousin, twice removed, youll likely have to research your own family back at least several generations before attempting to connect to the famous person. Distant cousin relationships very often require following the family tree to a point several generations prior to the time of the famous individual and then tracing your way back down various side branches. You may not be a direct descendant of Davy Crockett, for example, but may still share a common ancestry through one of his Crockett ancestors. To find that connection you would have to research back not only through your own family tree, but his, and then possibly work your way forward as well to the ancestral connection. Learn More About the Possible Famous Ancestor In addition to researching your own family history, you can also explore the information that exists for the famous individual you think you are related to. If they are pretty famous, chances are that their family history has already been researched by someone. If not, its likely that their biography or other resources are available to get you started in the right direction. The more familiar you are with the names and locations in the family tree of your potential famous relative, the easier it will be to spot the possible connections as you work backward in your own. Just dont fall into the trap of assuming that same name/same location means the same individual! Biographies Biographies of thousands of famous individuals can be easily found online. The following are some great resources to start your research: Biography.com includes short biographies of over 25,000 famous people, ranging from actors and actresses to political leaders and historical figures.Infoplease.com features 30,000 notable people.Biographical information for actors, actresses and other individuals associated with the movie can be found at E! Online and The Internet Movie Database (IMDb).Popular genealogy databases, such as FamilySearch User Submitted Genealogies or Family Tree, Ancestry.com Member Trees, and also contain many celebrity genealogies — but please be aware that they may not always be 100% correct. Some of those famous connections are rooted in times and localities where surviving records are scarce, and thus not necessarily supported by evidence that meets the Genealogical Proof Standard. Searching for Relatives That Have Passed Away Popular cemetery websites showcase dates and pictures of celebrity tombstones. Here are a few online resources to get started when lliking for information about people who may have passed away: Find a Grave includes transcribed gravestone information (and sometimes pictures) for thousands of famous and infamous individuals.Hollywood Underground gives the scoop on the final resting places of famous people buried in and around Los Angeles.Political Graveyard tells you where all the dead politicians are buried. If your famous ancestor was in the military, then many military cemeteries and memorials have information online. Finding Famous Lineages If the person is pretty famous, their family tree may have already been researched. Famous lineages can often be found online, in published biographies, or family histories. Heritage and lineage society publications and membership applications are other rich sources of lineages for famous individuals. A useful RelativeFinder.org is a great relationship finder tool, accessible by setting up a free FamilySearch account and family tree, which uses names and Ancestral File Numbers to assist people in finding common connections to famous people. Newspaper accounts of a famous individual, especially those written during his (or her) lifetime, may detail his participation in historical events or include accounts of his daily life. Marriages, obituaries, and other newsworthy items found in historical newspapers may also provide information on family members. While it provides a good start, it is important to remember that this type of published information is secondary — some correct, and some little more than guesswork. To be sure of your famous connections, take your research further into original documents to verify the accuracy of what you have discovered in previously done research or biographies. Finding Your Not-So-Good Relatives Not all ancestors are famous for their good deeds. You may have a notorious gunfighter, convict, pirate, madam, famous outlaw or other colorful character hanging from your family tree. This hidden past often presents some unusual opportunities for uncovering more details. In addition to the resources listed on the previous page for finding famous ancestors, court records are an excellent source for learning about everything from houses of ill repute to bootleggers. Criminal and prison records are also worth a look. The following are resources you can use to trace those individuals that may have had a run-in with the law: The Federal Bureau of Prisons maintains a database of former inmates (records prior to 1982 can only be accessed by mail).Many of the early American settlers from England were originally transported to the colonies as convicts. Over 25,000 of these individuals can be found listed in Peter Wilson Coldhams The Kings Passengers to Maryland and Virginia.The online  Crime Library  of the Crime Museum in Washington, DC, includes biographies and stories of notorious gangsters, outlaws, terrorists, spies, and murderers.The Associated Daughters of American Witches searches for an preserves the names of those accused of witchery in Colonial America.On the website of the International Black Sheep Society of Genealogists, you can read about others family connections to scandalous black sheep and find help for researching your own. Sources Coldham, Peter Wilson. The Kings Passengers to Maryland and Virginia. Heritage Books, September 6, 2006.

Should Abortion Be Legalized - 1490 Words

One of the most controversial debates nowadays is whether abortion should be legalized or not. Having used abortion procedures since 1550 BC, which had been accepted in ancient Rome and Greece without any critics regarding to morality, ethicality or religiosity. It has become a main point of public discussion and one of most banned acts in the last century. In the beginning of the 19th century, this technique was advertised as a legal practice in United States. However, in the early 20th an increase in the health risk of patients led to creation of a law to prohibit this method in most American states. Since then there has been a never-ending, high-level debate regarding this subject. There are general encyclopedias like Wikipedia, which define abortion as â€Å"the ending of pregnancy by removing a fetus from the uterus before it can survive on its own† (en.wikipedia.org, January 2016). Pro-choices claim that women’s rights, safe processes, autonomous make-decision to reproduce and unwanted pregnancies are valid arguments to legalize abortion. While, pro-lives gravitate towards ethical and moral perspectives against its legalization and they suggest alternatives as contraception methods and adoption. Supporters believe that women should have the right to make a final decision concerning any matter of their bodies. Some of them uphold this practice under any condition without government or religious intervention. Although, another group of supporters propose that abortionShow MoreRelatedShould Abortion Be Legalized?1357 Words   |  6 Pagessaid Margaret Sanger (Quotes About Abortion). An abortion is the deliberate termination of a human pregnancy, most often performed during the first 28 weeks of pregnancy. 69% of women that have abortions are economically disadvantaged (The Demographics Of Abortion: It s Not What You Think). This is one of the reasons abortions should stay legalized, over half of the women would have been struggling to take care of their child without it. Abortion was legalized on January 27, 1973 in a 7-2 decisionRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legalized?1495 Words   |  6 Pagesbetter, whom the president should be or who or if at all, we should be at war w ith; no one can unanimously agree on any topic in this country. This is no different then with the current hot topic of abortion. Abortion, although legal in this country, is still treated and viewed as taboo because of a dominantly Christian-American society. Some Christians make it seem that if you are pro-choice then you are pro-murder. However this is not the case. I will explain what abortion really is and why it isRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legalized?869 Words   |  4 Pages Abortion has become a common argument topic in America; numerous individuals consider themselves pro-life and others pro-choice. Those who consider themselves pro-life oppose abortion, while those who are pro-choice advocate for abortion to be legalized. I believe that abortion should be illegal and that life should be recognized upon conception. Almost all abortions occur during the first trimester when the fetus cannot live outside of the mother’s body. People who are pro-choice believe thatRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legalized?1172 Words   |  5 Pages Although some believe abortion is morally and ethically wrong should it be legal for victims of rape or incest who have no other alternative? Pro-Life advocates believe as horrible as abortion is, the baby is still innocent of any crime. Nobody should be killed for the crime of another person. While Pro-Choice advocates believe if a woman is pregnant by rape, compassion demands that she be allowed to abort. On the other hand, the pro-life vs pro-choice debate tends to overlook the fact that theRead MoreAbortion Should Not Be Legalized972 Words   |  4 PagesAbortion is killing over 1.4 million unborn children in a year (â€Å"They’re Not†). For example, there was the case where a doctor got arrested for killing seven babies and a patient. The clinic he had was described as the house of horror by detectives because doctor Gosnell kept baby parts on a shelf in his clinic. In addition, it was said that he â€Å"forced the live birth of viable babies in the sixth, sevent h, and eighth-month pregnancy and then killed those babies by cutting into the back of the neckRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legalized?1200 Words   |  5 PagesAbortion is a very hot topic that has been repeatedly contended over for the past few years. The argument is should abortion be legalized or not? First before we get into the many sides of abortion we must to know what is abortion. Abortion means ending a pregnancy before the fetus can live independently outside the world. If abortion happens unplanned before 24 weeks of pregnancy. It is called a miscarriage. Abortion is caused design to order to end the pregnancy (Brown, 2013). This can be completeRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legalized?1680 Words   |  7 Pagesrights. A hot topic that is one of the most refuted in today’s society is abortion. One may not see abortion to be acceptable, although, does it make it right to take away that right from someone else? It has taken women a lot of fight and willpower to gain ri ghts to their own bodies, illegalizing abortion would take that right away. Therefore, the question is, should abortion continue to be legalized? First and foremost, abortion can be seen as a way of having full control over one’s personal body.Read MoreAbortion Should Be Legalized Or Not?1902 Words   |  8 PagesDecember 2014 Abortion should be legalized or not? Abortion in itself is a very controversial topic and different people has different views on it some says it should be legalized while others in the other hand says legalization of abortion can create a lot of problems. Abortion is the spontaneous or induced termination of pregnancy before fetal viability. According to WHO, abortion is the pregnancy termination prior to 20 weeks gestation or a fetus born weighing less than 500 grams. Abortion may be self-induced;Read MoreShould Abortion Be Legalized?1685 Words   |  7 Pagesagainst women having an abortion, no matter what situation they are in, the point of women having their own rights should include whether they choose to have their own kid or not. The United States today is very divided on the whole abortion issue, typically republicans are against it calling theirselves â€Å"pro-lfe† and democrats are typically for abortion and they call theirselves â€Å"pro-choice.† Abortion had been practiced in the United States ever since 1880, but it wasn t legalized nationwide untilRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legalized?1799 Words   |  8 PagesAbortion across America Teenage pregnancy has become a norm in America. Sex education is gradually losing significance among the youth. Despite the wide range of contraceptives, many young women are continually getting pregnant. Additionally, the number of young boys and girls ruining their lives at an early stage as a result of quick moments of pleasure is alarming. Moreover, the advancement in technology is an increasingly contributing factor to the high rates of teenage pregnancy (Garfield

Family Traditions Free Essays

I always know it is Thanksgiving morning when I awake to the smell of the turkey roasting in the oven and the cinnamon apple spice tea brewing on the stove. The rest of the morning is spent helping my mom and grandmother cooking in our large open kitchen. Every year for as long as I can remember, my grandmother uses my Nana’s recipes when cooking the thick butter garlic mashed potatoes, homemade sweet red cranberry sauce, and the rich creamy dark gravy. We will write a custom essay sample on Family Traditions or any similar topic only for you Order Now On the other hand, my mom and I always cook the French green beans, sausage and bread stuffing, and also our homemade pumpkin pie together. While the women spend most of the early afternoon in the kitchen getting things ready, the men normally gather in the living room and watch sports or play a board game on the coffee table. It is a rule in our house that no man is allowed in the kitchen while we are cooking unless he is coming to help with dishes; otherwise the men eat all the food as it is being prepared. Thanksgiving is a day where my entire family can get together and enjoy excellent food as well as each other’s company. My father who lives in the beautiful Birmingham, Alabama drives down every year the day before Thanksgiving and stays with us throughout the weekend. He always brings the finest fresh sweet tea and homemade peach cobbler you can find in Alabama which are essential to our Thanksgiving meal. However, my maternal grandparents drive down from Memphis, Tennessee and bring along with them a small present for each of the kids; which include my two brothers, Jonathan and Harrison, and my sister Allies. Even though this is a day for my family to spend time together, we have always welcomed anyone without a place to go or family to be with to spend it with us as well. Some of the past years we have had neighbors join us and also friends of the children. After we all eat we go outside and plays tackle football. I and my dad are usually the captains. I’ve won the past couple years due to the fact of young age. Some games get to intense due to the fact that my cousin has broken a wrist for being so soft. Playing football has to be my favorite because I love sports and beating my cousin who hates losing to me because everyone thinks I’m a better athlete. I also love beating my little brother. Next we watch the football that is always on ESPN. My uncle is a huge football fan so he is always looking to take bets. One year I bet my uncle 20 pushups the Detroit Lions would lose and of course I won the bet and my uncle had to twenty pushups but he only did like ten due to the fact that he is badly out of shape. I love my family holidays and my family traditions. How to cite Family Traditions, Essays

Health Research Understanding the Present Scenario

Question: Describe about the effectiveness of school-based health education program is thereby helpful in understanding the present scenario in the society in relation to the reduction of childhood obesity? Answer: Introduction Health research is of high value to the present society in relation to the increasing health burden across the globe. Research gives significant information about the various aspects of health, including the treatment and public health interventions. The various approaches to research provide complementary insights (Green and Thorogood 2013). According to Karnik and Kanekar (2015), the prevalence of childhood obesity has increased substantially over the past few decade, and millions of children across the globe have this health issue, including the United Kingdom. The high prevalence of obesity among children has serious health issues. This puts forward the need for understanding and identifying the suitable approaches for preventing and managing obesity among children. Research into the topic would be appropriate in this regard. The present research proposal is on the topic of the effectiveness of school-based education program to reduce childhood obesity. The research would be undertaken by application of the PICO question. The proposal lays out the rationale for choosing the particular topic, the background and research question, methodology, means of data analysis, emerging themes, implications for pubic health practice and recommendations. Rationale Childhood obesity and overweight is one of a global public health issue and is accountable for childhood mortality and morbidity. Moreover, it increases the risk of health complications like cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes, cancer and osteoarthritis. The World Health Organisation has indicated that childhood obesity is a global health challenge in the 21st century (Dooyema et al. 2013). The National Child Measurement Programme (NCMP) measures the health of one million school children in England every year and gives a clear idea about the prevalence of child obesity. As per the latest figures, for the year 2014/2015, 9.1% of children aged 10-11 are obese and 9.1% of children aged between 4-5 years are obese. This implies that a third of 10-11-year-olds are obese, and almost a fifth of 4-5-year-olds are obese (Noo.org.uk 2016). Drawing from the scenario of health outcomes among children, preventing childhood obesity is an effectual method to diminish the risk of poor health o utcomes among children. The present research would, therefore, be taken up for assessing the effectiveness of school-based health promotion education in reducing childhood obesity. Background It has been identified that schools have the potential to be a suitable avenue for interventions directed towards childhood obesity. legislation and appropriate guidelines have been approved in some countries for the suitable implementation of a school-based intervention (Wang et al. 2013). Khambalia et al. (2012) identifies that many literatures has put forward evidence that school-based interventions are effective in such cases while a section of literature strives to establish that school-based intervention and health promotion are not effective to the maximum extent. Therefore, no particular conclusion has been drawn on the particular topic. School-based interventions are a significant topic in relation to the reduction of childhood obesity. This aspect was thereby taken up as the topic for the present research. Aim of the Research The aim of the research is to assess and evaluate the effectiveness of school-based health promotion education in successfully reducing childhood obesity among children aged 5-11 years old. The research question is: Is school-based health promotion education effective in reducing childhood obesity amongst children aged 5 - 11 years old? PICO Finding answers for conducting research in the health literature is surely a challenge. It is crucial in researches to have the appropriate research question, and it is basic to the evidence-based decision making process. A well-constructed question must be set up for undertaking the research in a suitable manner. The best means of constructing such a research question is the PICO format. P stands for the patient population; I stand for the intervention, C is the comparison made and O stands for the outcomes desired (Grant et al. 2015). P Children aged 5 11 years I --- School based health promotion education C --- N/A O --- Reducing childhood obesity Methodology The literature review would be conducted by searching for research articles in electronic databases. An electronic database is the organised collection of valuable information, of the multi-disciplinary subject or a particular subject areas. The electronic database for the present research is Google Scholar. The reason for selecting Google Scholar as the database to search on is that it is a rich source of journal articles on varied areas and subjects. The journal articles, conference proceedings, book reviews and newspaper articles found in the database are reliable as they are peer-reviewed, and they are updated on a quarterly, monthly, weekly and daily basis. Full-text articles are found in the database, and whole content of the articles like a citation, text, information and diagrams are available. Google scholar would be searched for research papers on the concerned topic. Literature search strategies Key words: Key words are the main terms of the research question that are to be used in combination with each other for conducting the research. The use of keywords makes the search appropriate and as per the requirements (Golden et al. 2012). The keywords for the present search are School based health promotion education, obesity, children. Boolean operation: Boolean operation are the logic operations (AND, NOT, OR, and AND NOT) that are used as conjunctions for excluding or combining keywords in a search for retrieving results that are more productive and focused. This saves effort and time by elimination of inappropriate hits (Golden et al. 2012). The Boolean operation used for the present search was AND. The operation was used along with the above mentioned keywords. AND operator requires the terms used to be in each item returned. If one term is present in the document and the other is not present, the document is not included in the list retrieved. Therefore, the search result is narrowed down. Inclusion criteria The articles published in the year 2006 was included in the research The articles that were on the topic of effectiveness of school-based health promotion education were included in the research Exclusion criteria The articles published before the year 2006 was not included in the research The articles that were not on the topic of effectiveness of school-based health promotion education were not included in the research PRISMA Flow diagram: please refer to appendix The sixth article can be included in the research later on in due course by choosing among the other appropriate articles retrieved as the result of the search. Discuss how the Literature will be analysed in the future Literary analysis is a sort that resembles an argument in that a claim is made from the literature, and then the claim is supported by evidence and reasoning. For the present research, literature would be analysed further with the focus on not offering a personal opinion but on interpreting the text. The informed opinion on the texts interpretation would be offered. The analysis would be more objective and try to draw all possible inferences from the literature. Analysis and Synthesis and their Data Brown and Summerbell (2009) undertook research to determine the effectiveness of school-based interventions to prevent childhood obesity. MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched for suitable studies were analysed. The conclusion drawn was that physical activity interventions in primary schools help to prevent children from becoming overweight. Fung et al. (2012) conducted research to find that school-based health promotion improves health behaviours among children, and this is the best practice. Kropski, Keckley and Jensen (2008) drew conclusion that gender differences lie in effectiveness of school-based programs and social learning is more suitable for girls and structural interventions are more suitable for boys. Fung et al. (2012) reported on the success of Comprehensive School Health (CSH) in improving diets, activity levels, and body weights. In 2008 and 2010, the researchers surveyed grade 5 students from approximately 150 randomly selected schools from the Canadian province of Alber ta and students from 10 APPLE Schools. In 2010 relative to 2008, students attending APPLE Schools were eating more fruits and vegetables, consuming fewer calories, were more physically active and were less likely obese. These changes contrasted changes observed among students elsewhere in the province. These findings provide evidence on the effectiveness of CSH in improving health behaviors. Stock et al. (2007) designed and tested a novel health promotion program for elementary schools that was based on peer teaching from older to younger schoolchildren. This prospective pilot study compared the effect of the program (23 hours/week, 21 weeks) in 2 Canadian elementary schools (intervention:n= 232 children, the whole school implementing the program; control:n= 151).Compared with control students, both older and younger intervention students showed an increase in healthy-living knowledge, behavior, and attitude scores and a smaller increase in systolic blood pressure. BMI and weight in creased less in the intervention students in 4th through 7th grade and height more in the intervention students in kindergarten through 3rd grade. The student-led curriculum improved knowledge not only in older schoolchildren but also in their younger buddies. It also decreased weight velocity in the older students. Ethical Consideration A literature review is the means of assessing the body of literature, synthesizing previous work and locating gaps in preparing the future research. Ethics are to be maintained while undertaking a literature review (Aveyard 2014). The findings of the study would be reported with complete honesty. There will be no actions that are misleading, misinterpreting, misinformed and mispresenting. The peoples work would be given appropriate credit. Emerging themes For obtaining a real influence on childhood obesity, a more broad advancement to obesity care is essential in the healthcare system. Given the significance of childhood obesity among children aged 5-11 years, this makes up an extremely active area of research in present time. Relation of public health guidelines and the development of policies for school-based health education program is the emerging theme from the research. Aim The aim of further research would be to identify the relation of public health guidelines and policies with a school based health educational program. Implications for Public Health Practice Answers to the research question drawn from research studies are the foundation for future actions taken up the public health departments. On the basis of the findings of the present research, the public health department may take up desirable measures for encouraging schools to promote health education for reducing childhood obesity. Health policies and measures can formulate according to the evidence found from research. Recommendations Schools must implement more educational programs that would educate children about the risk factors and management of obesity. They must encourage the children to have a healthy lifestyle in order to prevent obesity and interventions given with proper education would be the best approach in this regard. Conclusion Research on the topic of the effectiveness of school-based health education program is thereby helpful in understanding the present scenario in the society in relation to the reduction of childhood obesity. Analysis of literature was the suitable method for drawing on conclusions on the matter. Further research is warranted to detail out more implications of school-based health education program in reducing obesity among children aged 5-11-year-old. References Aveyard, H., 2014.Doing a literature review in health and social care: A practical guide. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). url:https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?hl=enq=Aveyard%2C+H.%2C+2014.+Doing+a+literature+review+in+health+and+social+care%3A+A+practical+guide.+McGraw-Hill+Education+%28UK%29.btnG= Brown, T. and Summerbell, C. 2009. Systematic review of school-based interventions that focus on changing dietary intake and physical activity levels to prevent childhood obesity: an update to the obesity guidance produced by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence.Obesity Reviews, 10(1), pp.110-141. url:https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=Brown%2C+T.+and+Summerbell%2C+C.+2009.+Systematic+review+of+school-based+interventions+that+focus+on+changing+dietary+intake+and+physical+activity+levels+to+prevent+childhood+obesity%3A+an+update+to+the+obesity+guidance+produced+by+the+National+Institute+for+Health+and+Clinical+Excellence.+Obesity+Reviews%2C+10%281%29%2C+pp.110-141.btnG=hl=enas_sdt=0%2C5 Dooyema, C.A., Belay, B., Foltz, J.L., Williams, N. and Blanck, H.M., 2013. The childhood obesity research demonstration project: a comprehensive community approach to reduce childhood obesity.Childhood Obesity,9(5), pp.454-459. Fung, C., Kuhle, S., Lu, C., Purcell, M., Schwartz, M., Storey, K. and Veugelers, P. 2012. From "best practice" to "next practice": the effectiveness of school-based health promotion in improving healthy eating and physical activity and preventing childhood obesity.Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act, 9(1), p.27. url:https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=Fung%2C+C.%2C+Kuhle%2C+S.%2C+Lu%2C+C.%2C+Purcell%2C+M.%2C+Schwartz%2C+M.%2C+Storey%2C+K.+and+Veugelers%2C+P.+2012.+From+%22best+practice%22+to+%22next+practice%22%3A+the+effectiveness+of+school-based+health+promotion+in+improving+healthy+eating+and+physical+activity+and+preventing+childhood+obesity.+Int+J+Behav+Nutr+Phys+Act%2C+9%281%29%2C+p.27.btnG=hl=enas_sdt=0%2C5 Fung, C., Kuhle, S., Lu, C., Purcell, M., Schwartz, M., Storey, K. and Veugelers, P.J., 2012. From best practice to next practice: the effectiveness of school-based health promotion in improving healthy eating and physical activity and preventing childhood obesity.Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act,9(1), p.27. Golden, S.H., Brown, T., Yeh, H.C., Maruthur, N., Ranasinghe, P., Berger, Z., Suh, Y., Wilson, L.M., Haberl, E.B. and Bass, E.B., 2012. Detailed Electronic Database Search Strategies. Grant, R., Bulbeck, H., Oliver, K., Quinn, G., MacDonald, L., Day, J., Zienius, K. and Morley, R., 2015. OP01THE UK TOP 10 CLINICAL RESEARCH PRIORITIES IN NEURO-ONCOLOGY.Neuro-Oncology,17(suppl 8), pp.viii16-viii16. Green, J. and Thorogood, N., 2013.Qualitative methods for health research. Sage. Karnik, S. and Kanekar, A., 2015. Childhood obesity: a global public health crisis.Int J Prev Med, 2012. 3 (1), pp.1-7. Khambalia, A.Z., Dickinson, S., Hardy, L.L., Gill, T. and Baur, L.A., 2012. A synthesis of existing systematic reviews and metaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ analyses of schoolà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ based behavioural interventions for controlling and preventing obesity.Obesity Reviews,13(3), pp.214-233. Kropski, J., Keckley, P. and Jensen, G. 2008. School-based Obesity Prevention Programs: An Evidence-based Review.Obesity, 16(5), pp.1009-1018. url:https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=Kropski%2C+J.%2C+Keckley%2C+P.+and+Jensen%2C+G.+2008.+School-based+Obesity+Prevention+Programs%3A+An+Evidence-based+Review.+Obesity%2C+16%285%29%2C+pp.1009-1018.btnG=hl=enas_sdt=0%2C5 Noo.org.uk, (2016).Child Obesity :: Public Health England Obesity Knowledge and Intelligence team. [online] Available at: https://www.noo.org.uk/NOO_about_obesity/child_obesity [Accessed 1 Mar. 2016]. Stock, S., Miranda, C., Evans, S., Plessis, S., Ridley, J., Yeh, S. and Chanoine, J. (2007). Healthy Buddies: A Novel, Peer-Led Health Promotion Program for the Prevention of Obesity and Eating Disorders in Children in Elementary School.PEDIATRICS, 120(4), pp.e1059-e1068. url:https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=Stock%2C+S.%2C+Miranda%2C+C.%2C+Evans%2C+S.%2C+Plessis%2C+S.%2C+Ridley%2C+J.%2C+Yeh%2C+S.+and+Chanoine%2C+J.+%282007%29.+Healthy+Buddies%3A+A+Novel%2C+Peer-Led+Health+Promotion+Program+for+the+Prevention+of+Obesity+and+Eating+Disorders+in+Children+in+Elementary+School.+PEDIATRICS%2C+120%284%29%2C+pp.e1059-e1068.btnG=hl=enas_sdt=0%2C5 Wang, Y., Wu, Y., Wilson, R.F., Bleich, S., Cheskin, L., Weston, C., Showell, N., Fawole, O., Lau, B. and Segal, J., 2013. Childhood obesity prevention programs: comparative effectiveness review and meta-analysis.