Health Research Understanding the Present Scenario

Question: Describe about the effectiveness of school-based health education program is thereby helpful in understanding the present scenario in the society in relation to the reduction of childhood obesity? Answer: Introduction Health research is of high value to the present society in relation to the increasing health burden across the globe. Research gives significant information about the various aspects of health, including the treatment and public health interventions. The various approaches to research provide complementary insights (Green and Thorogood 2013). According to Karnik and Kanekar (2015), the prevalence of childhood obesity has increased substantially over the past few decade, and millions of children across the globe have this health issue, including the United Kingdom. The high prevalence of obesity among children has serious health issues. This puts forward the need for understanding and identifying the suitable approaches for preventing and managing obesity among children. Research into the topic would be appropriate in this regard. The present research proposal is on the topic of the effectiveness of school-based education program to reduce childhood obesity. The research would be undertaken by application of the PICO question. The proposal lays out the rationale for choosing the particular topic, the background and research question, methodology, means of data analysis, emerging themes, implications for pubic health practice and recommendations. Rationale Childhood obesity and overweight is one of a global public health issue and is accountable for childhood mortality and morbidity. Moreover, it increases the risk of health complications like cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes, cancer and osteoarthritis. The World Health Organisation has indicated that childhood obesity is a global health challenge in the 21st century (Dooyema et al. 2013). The National Child Measurement Programme (NCMP) measures the health of one million school children in England every year and gives a clear idea about the prevalence of child obesity. As per the latest figures, for the year 2014/2015, 9.1% of children aged 10-11 are obese and 9.1% of children aged between 4-5 years are obese. This implies that a third of 10-11-year-olds are obese, and almost a fifth of 4-5-year-olds are obese (Noo.org.uk 2016). Drawing from the scenario of health outcomes among children, preventing childhood obesity is an effectual method to diminish the risk of poor health o utcomes among children. The present research would, therefore, be taken up for assessing the effectiveness of school-based health promotion education in reducing childhood obesity. Background It has been identified that schools have the potential to be a suitable avenue for interventions directed towards childhood obesity. legislation and appropriate guidelines have been approved in some countries for the suitable implementation of a school-based intervention (Wang et al. 2013). Khambalia et al. (2012) identifies that many literatures has put forward evidence that school-based interventions are effective in such cases while a section of literature strives to establish that school-based intervention and health promotion are not effective to the maximum extent. Therefore, no particular conclusion has been drawn on the particular topic. School-based interventions are a significant topic in relation to the reduction of childhood obesity. This aspect was thereby taken up as the topic for the present research. Aim of the Research The aim of the research is to assess and evaluate the effectiveness of school-based health promotion education in successfully reducing childhood obesity among children aged 5-11 years old. The research question is: Is school-based health promotion education effective in reducing childhood obesity amongst children aged 5 - 11 years old? PICO Finding answers for conducting research in the health literature is surely a challenge. It is crucial in researches to have the appropriate research question, and it is basic to the evidence-based decision making process. A well-constructed question must be set up for undertaking the research in a suitable manner. The best means of constructing such a research question is the PICO format. P stands for the patient population; I stand for the intervention, C is the comparison made and O stands for the outcomes desired (Grant et al. 2015). P Children aged 5 11 years I --- School based health promotion education C --- N/A O --- Reducing childhood obesity Methodology The literature review would be conducted by searching for research articles in electronic databases. An electronic database is the organised collection of valuable information, of the multi-disciplinary subject or a particular subject areas. The electronic database for the present research is Google Scholar. The reason for selecting Google Scholar as the database to search on is that it is a rich source of journal articles on varied areas and subjects. The journal articles, conference proceedings, book reviews and newspaper articles found in the database are reliable as they are peer-reviewed, and they are updated on a quarterly, monthly, weekly and daily basis. Full-text articles are found in the database, and whole content of the articles like a citation, text, information and diagrams are available. Google scholar would be searched for research papers on the concerned topic. Literature search strategies Key words: Key words are the main terms of the research question that are to be used in combination with each other for conducting the research. The use of keywords makes the search appropriate and as per the requirements (Golden et al. 2012). The keywords for the present search are School based health promotion education, obesity, children. Boolean operation: Boolean operation are the logic operations (AND, NOT, OR, and AND NOT) that are used as conjunctions for excluding or combining keywords in a search for retrieving results that are more productive and focused. This saves effort and time by elimination of inappropriate hits (Golden et al. 2012). The Boolean operation used for the present search was AND. The operation was used along with the above mentioned keywords. AND operator requires the terms used to be in each item returned. If one term is present in the document and the other is not present, the document is not included in the list retrieved. Therefore, the search result is narrowed down. Inclusion criteria The articles published in the year 2006 was included in the research The articles that were on the topic of effectiveness of school-based health promotion education were included in the research Exclusion criteria The articles published before the year 2006 was not included in the research The articles that were not on the topic of effectiveness of school-based health promotion education were not included in the research PRISMA Flow diagram: please refer to appendix The sixth article can be included in the research later on in due course by choosing among the other appropriate articles retrieved as the result of the search. Discuss how the Literature will be analysed in the future Literary analysis is a sort that resembles an argument in that a claim is made from the literature, and then the claim is supported by evidence and reasoning. For the present research, literature would be analysed further with the focus on not offering a personal opinion but on interpreting the text. The informed opinion on the texts interpretation would be offered. The analysis would be more objective and try to draw all possible inferences from the literature. Analysis and Synthesis and their Data Brown and Summerbell (2009) undertook research to determine the effectiveness of school-based interventions to prevent childhood obesity. MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched for suitable studies were analysed. The conclusion drawn was that physical activity interventions in primary schools help to prevent children from becoming overweight. Fung et al. (2012) conducted research to find that school-based health promotion improves health behaviours among children, and this is the best practice. Kropski, Keckley and Jensen (2008) drew conclusion that gender differences lie in effectiveness of school-based programs and social learning is more suitable for girls and structural interventions are more suitable for boys. Fung et al. (2012) reported on the success of Comprehensive School Health (CSH) in improving diets, activity levels, and body weights. In 2008 and 2010, the researchers surveyed grade 5 students from approximately 150 randomly selected schools from the Canadian province of Alber ta and students from 10 APPLE Schools. In 2010 relative to 2008, students attending APPLE Schools were eating more fruits and vegetables, consuming fewer calories, were more physically active and were less likely obese. These changes contrasted changes observed among students elsewhere in the province. These findings provide evidence on the effectiveness of CSH in improving health behaviors. Stock et al. (2007) designed and tested a novel health promotion program for elementary schools that was based on peer teaching from older to younger schoolchildren. This prospective pilot study compared the effect of the program (23 hours/week, 21 weeks) in 2 Canadian elementary schools (intervention:n= 232 children, the whole school implementing the program; control:n= 151).Compared with control students, both older and younger intervention students showed an increase in healthy-living knowledge, behavior, and attitude scores and a smaller increase in systolic blood pressure. BMI and weight in creased less in the intervention students in 4th through 7th grade and height more in the intervention students in kindergarten through 3rd grade. The student-led curriculum improved knowledge not only in older schoolchildren but also in their younger buddies. It also decreased weight velocity in the older students. Ethical Consideration A literature review is the means of assessing the body of literature, synthesizing previous work and locating gaps in preparing the future research. Ethics are to be maintained while undertaking a literature review (Aveyard 2014). The findings of the study would be reported with complete honesty. There will be no actions that are misleading, misinterpreting, misinformed and mispresenting. The peoples work would be given appropriate credit. Emerging themes For obtaining a real influence on childhood obesity, a more broad advancement to obesity care is essential in the healthcare system. Given the significance of childhood obesity among children aged 5-11 years, this makes up an extremely active area of research in present time. Relation of public health guidelines and the development of policies for school-based health education program is the emerging theme from the research. Aim The aim of further research would be to identify the relation of public health guidelines and policies with a school based health educational program. Implications for Public Health Practice Answers to the research question drawn from research studies are the foundation for future actions taken up the public health departments. On the basis of the findings of the present research, the public health department may take up desirable measures for encouraging schools to promote health education for reducing childhood obesity. Health policies and measures can formulate according to the evidence found from research. Recommendations Schools must implement more educational programs that would educate children about the risk factors and management of obesity. They must encourage the children to have a healthy lifestyle in order to prevent obesity and interventions given with proper education would be the best approach in this regard. Conclusion Research on the topic of the effectiveness of school-based health education program is thereby helpful in understanding the present scenario in the society in relation to the reduction of childhood obesity. Analysis of literature was the suitable method for drawing on conclusions on the matter. Further research is warranted to detail out more implications of school-based health education program in reducing obesity among children aged 5-11-year-old. References Aveyard, H., 2014.Doing a literature review in health and social care: A practical guide. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). url:https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?hl=enq=Aveyard%2C+H.%2C+2014.+Doing+a+literature+review+in+health+and+social+care%3A+A+practical+guide.+McGraw-Hill+Education+%28UK%29.btnG= Brown, T. and Summerbell, C. 2009. 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