Frank Too Big Too Ignore Essay

â€Å"Income Inequality: Too Big to Ignore† Summary Robert Frank, a professer at Cornell University, published an article for the New York Times on October 16, 2010. The title of the article was â€Å"Income Inequality: Too Big to Ignore†. In â€Å"Income Inequality: Too Big to Ignore†, Frank argues that there are differences in the social classes of the American people and that it is having a negative effect on our economy’s growth. Frank explains that middle class citizens are in a struggle to maintain a good financial position. Meanwhile, the upper class citizens are spending copious amounts of money which makes it increasingly more difficult for the middle class to meet their basic needs. He says that the middle class are looking toward upper class citizens, comparing their posesions as well as their financial positions which makes the middle class feel financially unstable. Frank explains that the income gap between the classes are causing distress on marriages of American citizens. He states that divorce rates rise when people are in financial distress. in conjunction with finincial uneasyness, Frank explains that the willingness to ignore infrastructure is an effect as well as the relocation of lower class families to places that are further away from their places of employment. Frank concludes by how the income gap is not only unfair, but that it would be unwise to continue on the current path of income inequality. Connections Frank has a very bleak view of the economic status of America in which he shares with Herbert. One of the main evidence’s of this point is the comparison of Frank’s quote in which he states â€Å"By contrast, during the last three decades, the economy has grown much more slowly, and our infrastructure has fallen into grave disrepair.† (580) with Herbert’s quote â€Å"It will likely take many years, perhaps a decade or more, to get employment back to a level at which one could fairly say the economy is thriving.† (564) In comparison between Frank and Thomas, each author believes that there is something wrong with the system and that the American people need to do something about it. This can be justified within Thomas’ and Frank’s articles. Frank states â€Å"No one dares to argue that rising inequality is required in the name of fairness. So maybe we should just agree that it’s a bad thing – and try to do something about it.†(584). Thomas explains â€Å"We must also understand what got us here and the path that leads upward.† (570) Frank can also agree with Brandon King in the fact that America is still repairable. King states â€Å"If the Great Recession has taught us anything, it is that planning for the future by saving more and enacting policies that sustain economic growth are what will keep the American Dream alive.† In comparison, Frank believes that we need to consult the problem in order to repair it.

History of the United States Essay

1990 Apush Dbq Paige Reinfeld Jacksonian DBQ The uproar of the people of the U.S. was heard after the corrupted elections of 1824. It wasn’t until 1828, the year the Jacksonians came into power and satisfied the popular demand after a mudslinging battle against the aristocrats. The Jacksonian Democrats claime Premium 599 Words 3 Pages Jacksonian Democrats: Oppressors of the Common Man Keegan Kylstra 12/9/12 APUSH Darnell Jacksonian Democrats: Ruthless Oppressors of the Common Man. There is no doubt that the Jacksonian Democrats changed American history. Their brand of fiery populism increased political participation throughout the nation, with millions of white men voting by th Premium 991 Words 4 Pages Apush Dbq’s 2011 DBQ: (Form A) 1. Analyze the international and domestic challenges the United States faced between 1968 and 1974, and evaluate how President Richard Nixon’s administration responded to them. (Form B) 1. Explain the ways that participation in political campaigns and elections in the U Premium 2240 Words 9 Pages Dbq Essay on Ap Us History Civil Rights AP United States History Syllabus Chambless This course is designed to provide a college-level experience and preparation for the AP Exam in May. An emphasis is placed on interpreting documents, mastering a significant body of factual information, and writing critical essays. Topics include l 1990 Apush Dbq Paige Reinfeld Jacksonian DBQ The uproar of the people of the U.S. was heard after the corrupted elections of 1824. It wasn’t until 1828, the year the Jacksonians came into power and satisfied the popular demand after a mudslinging battle against the aristocrats. The Jacksonian Democrats claime Premium 599 Words 3 Pages Jacksonian Democrats: Oppressors of the Common Man Keegan Kylstra 12/9/12 APUSH Darnell Jacksonian Democrats: Ruthless Oppressors of the Common Man. There is no doubt that the Jacksonian Democrats changed American history. Their brand of fiery populism increased political participation throughout the nation, with millions of white men voting by th Premium 991 Words 4 Pages Apush Dbq’s 2011 DBQ: (Form A) 1. Analyze the international and domestic challenges the United States faced between 1968 and 1974, and evaluate how President Richard Nixon’s administration responded to them. (Form B) 1. Explain the ways that participation in political campaigns and elections in the U Premium 2240 Words 9 Pages Dbq Essay on Ap Us History Civil Rights AP United States History Syllabus Chambless This course is designed to provide a college-level experience and preparation for the AP Exam in May. An emphasis is placed on interpreting documents, mastering a significant body of factual information, and writing critical essays. Topics include l Premium 8213 Words 33 Pages Jacksonian Dbq Jacksonian DBQ In 1828, Andrew Jackson, the Democratic candidate in the election and war hero from the battle of New Orleans, became President of the United States. Jackson had a very strong personality and was very outspoken about everything happening in the nation throughout his presidency. Ja Premium 1521 Words 7 Pages Jacksonian Democracy Dbq Kathy Dai M. Galvin AP USH Period 1 Jacksonian Democracy DBQ The Jacksonian democracy of the 1820s-1830s is often associated with an expansion of the political influence, economic opportunities, and social equality available to â€Å"the common man,† a concept of the masses which Pres Premium 1208 Words 5 Pages Apush The College Board Advanced Placement Examination UNITED STATES HISTORY SECTION I1 (Suggested writing time–40 minutes) Directions: The following question requires you to construct a coherent essay that integrates your interpretation of Documents A-H and your knowledge of the period referred to in th Premium 1613 Words 7 Pages Apush Book UNITED STATES HISTORY Preparing for the Advanced Placement Examination John J. Newman, Ed.D., has served as Adjunct Assistant Professor of History Education at Illinois University and Adjunct Professor of History at the College of DuPage. He was for many years Department Coordinator of Art, For Premium 295930 Words 1184 Pages apush study guide 2005 AP U.S. History Study Kit -2- TABLE OF CONTENTS 2006 FRQ Study Guide †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 2006 DBQ Study Guide †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4 Historical Periods To Memorize†¦ Premium 2252 Words 10 Pages Dbq on Andrew Jackson DBQ – Andrew Jackson Jacksonian Democrats believed that they were protecting individual liberty, political democracy, the equality of economic opportunity, and upholding the rights of the Constitution of the United States. In my opinion, the Jacksonians were, to some extent, guardians of the U Premium 809 Words 4 Pages Ap Dbq List A.P. United States History 2. Name___________________________Date________ âž ¢ Chapter 26. The Great West and the Agricultural Revolution, 1865-1896. Theme 1: After the Civil War, whites overcame th Premium 5047 Words 21 Pages Dbq #10 Cory Bonda 10/10/10 AP US HISTORY Mr. Mangan DBQ #6 Jacksonian Democrats, Protectors of the Constitution During the 1830’s and 1820’s the Jacksonain Democrats viewed them selves as the protectors of the Constitution from other parties who had a loose on the constitution. This statement c Premium 605 Words 3 Pages Jacksonian Democracy Nohemi Ayala Mr. Ellingsen Per. 5 AP U.S. History DBQ 2 Jacksonian democrats, supporters and followers of Andrew Jackson, were indeed the guardians of democracy and the interest of the common people. They insisted on a strict abiding to the constitution, the expansion of political democr Premium 1012 Words 5 Pages Dbq #2 http://www.eddysvision.com/2011/12/ap-us-history-dbq-practice-jacksonian.html *Note- Incorporate a minimum of five Doc. references into DBQ. Be sure to site them. DBQ ESSAY QUESTION ONE *Note (Warning)- I am aware that there are examples of this essay online. I have access to all of them; Premium 4077 Words 17 Pages Dbq Essay #1 DBQ Essay Jacksonian Democracy was a movement for more democracy in the American government in the 1830s. This particular movement was led by President Andrew Jackson. Jackson had wanted more rights for the common man, and wanted to eliminate all aristocracy in the American nation. This Premium 1274 Words 6 Pages History Dbq Alexandra Harris DBQ January 8, 2013 Between the 1820’s and 1830’s the Jacksonian Democrats played a huge role in shaping the United States, as we know it. During this time Jacksonians viewed themselves, not only as guardians of the Constitution, but also of political democracy, indiv Premium 611 Words 3 Pages Apush Fall Exam Guide APUSH Fall Exam First John Marshall – Supreme Court chief appointed by John Adams; set many precedents for the way the US Constitution is currently interpreted. Henry Clay – a lawyer, politician, and skilled orator who represented Kentucky in both the Senate and in the House of Representativ Premium 412 Words 2 Pages Apush Review AP US History Review Columbus – 1800 Consider the 5 Ws when thinking about history: Who, What, When, Where, & Why/How is it important? Ch. 1 New World Beginnings, 33,000 B.C.-A.D. 1769 Reasons for colonization: Colonists who ultimately embraced the vision of America as an independent nat Premium 91071 Words 365 Pages Apush Study Guide 17 APUSH Study Guide 17 The Sectional Struggle, Reborn, 1848-1854 Themes/Constructs: The sectional conflict over the expansion of slavery that erupted after the Mexican War was temporarily silenced by the Compromise of 1850, but Douglas’s Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 re-ignited the issue again. Premium 2950 Words 12 Pages Apush Outline The American Pageant, 13th Edition Textbook Notes Chapter 01 – New World Beginnings I. The Shaping of North America 1. Recorded history began 6,000 years ago. It was 500 years ago that Europeans set foot on the Americas to begin colonization 2. The theory of Pangaea exists suggesting t Premium 114209 Words 457 Pages lkdfmglkn

Important of Listening Essay

It is generally recognized that listening comprehension, which can be understood as the ability to identify and understand what others say, plays a key role in facilitating language learning. Gary (1975) said that giving pre-eminence to listening comprehension, particularly in the early stage of second language teaching and learning language. Firstly, listening is one of the basic sources of information. It is easy to see that all L2 learners want to understand target language, or they want to be able to access the rich variety of oral and visual L2 texts available today via network-based multimedia, such as on-line audio and video, YouTube, podcasts and blogs. Moreover, as infants, we have the unique ability to listen to sounds and understand them. The first words that a child learns are by listening to parents, understanding and then reproducing these words. Growing older, a large part of our lives is spent in school or college where we learn primarily by listening to what our teachers say. We complement the listening process by asking questions and increasing our knowledge. Secondly, listening is an important language skill to develop language. For example, when we need to learn a second language, the first thing that we do is to study the grammar and syntax behind the language. However, knowledge of grammar and syntax alone will not improve our command over the language. We need to practice using the language. How do we practice using a second language? We need to read, write and listen to the language. It is only after practice that we will become fluent in using the language. Learning a non-native or a second language requires listening to that language. A non-native English speaker for example, needs to learn to listen to the language in order to understand its nuances. Learning English listening helps to improve command over the English language. Listening and understanding spoken English helps non-native speakers of the language to gain confidence. Besides, listening remains the primary form of contact with a language. By listening we are able to understand subtleties about the language that are not apparent by reading or by just studying grammar. For learners of English, listening is vital because it is through this sense that they receive information on vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation, spoken word order, as well as the stress patterns of words, phrases and sentences. Through listening the learner picks up vital clues, some consciously, others subconsciously, about what constitutes idiomatic spoken English. The learner may also register and retain words and phrases which, having heard them from a native speaker or their teacher, they know to be acceptable for their own use later on. Finally, listening can help develop other skills. Dunkel (1991) and Rost (2002) also emphasized that listening comprehension is lied at the heart of L2 listening; and the development of L2 listening skill has demonstrated as a beneficial impact on the development of other skills. Listening with care and attention, and moreover, demonstrating that they are listening by eye contact, nodding where appropriate, and asking questions to clarify where necessary, guarantees that the goal of the communication is achieved. In which, whether it’s a simple â€Å"Excuse me, could you please tell me the way to the train station?† to a discussion on cultural differences, the goal is the same effective communication. And without both parties being able to listen actively, the chance of real communication is diminished. Without the skill of listening, there can be no language learning, and hence no communication . Therefore, listening comprehension is a highly integrative skill. It plays an important role in the process of language learning/acquisition, facilitating the emergence of other language skills. For these reasons, learners of foreign language, including students at Tay Bac University, need to have an awareness and a competence in listening comprehension. In order to do so, one of the most important factors is that they need to be well-taught to listen.

Discrimination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Discrimination - Essay Example Evidences of racial discrimination, as proposed by Wrench and Modood (2000), can be derived from five different sources. These include statistical evidence, discrimination testing, studies on the activities of employment decision-makers (or the so-called 'gatekeepers' who are in the capacity to hire or reject applicants), self-reports of ethnic minorities, and, lastly, the legal action employed by discriminated employees. Generally, the proposed study seeks to determine the impact of racial discrimination to employees and employers during the recruitment and selection process. Specifically, the study will try to provide answers to the following questions: There is a myriad of studies on situations of racial discrimination in the British workplace. Racial discrimination come in numerous forms, including bias in hiring, firing, taunting, joking, etc. (Brief & Barsky, 2000; Deitch, Barsky, Butz, Chan, Brief & Bradley, 2003; Gunaratnam, 2001; Holmes, Marra & Burns, 2001; Mesthenos & Ioannidi, 2002). Likewise, Blackaby et al. (1997) suggest that workplace-related problems that ethnic minorities in the UK suffer can be classified into two major types: higher unemployment rate and lower salaries of non-natives compared to natives. Ethnic minorities have been found to steadily exhibit unemployment rates more than double of whites (Leslie et al., 1998). Evidence indicates that excluding Indian and Chinese men high rates of unemployment are experienced by ethnic minority groups. Likewise, the gap between the unemployment rates of whites and ethnic minorities seemed to rise and fall but showing no indication of a continued downward trend. In fact, the Commission for Racial Equality (2002) reports that comparative position of ethnic minority groups had significantly decreased since the 1970s. Ziegerta and Hangesa (2005) suggest that implicit racist attitudes interacted with a climate for racial bias to predict discrimination. Results of their study partially indicate that motivation to control prejudice moderates the relationship between explicit and implicit attitudes. Taken together, the findings illustrate the differences between implicit and explicit racial attitudes in predicting discriminatory behavior. Consequences of employer discrimination on ethnic minorities tend to be measured in terms of a competitive framework that considers

Critically examine the text from,(Dashiell Hammett, The Maltese Essay

Critically examine the text from,(Dashiell Hammett, The Maltese Falcon, Pan) and show how it articulates concepts of gender, race and class - Essay Example The falcon turns out to be fake and the criminals are pinned by Sam Spade who have been bent on acquiring justice for his murdered partner whose wife he was having an affair with. This paper aims to provide an in-depth analysis regarding gender and class relations present in the composition if there are any. This is in line with the view that literary works mirrors society even if unconsciously. What does the text say about the people then? How did they interact with one another? What was the role of women, men and those in between? These are the questions that would be guiding the discussions. Information regarding gender issues are presented first before the analysis of the text for every gender, class and race presented. However, we would almost be dealing with gender issues because this is what isprominent in the work. This is done so you, the reader, could better appreciate the discussion involving the literary work. I would like to inform the reader to adapt a more critical view as most of the concepts here presented may seem to be far fetched. I have tried my best to argue my ideas and it would up to you whether they hold substance. In ages past, the woman was only deemed fit for household chores and the raising of children. They had no right to vote and share their views on matters concerning the family and the community nor were they allowed to vote or decide their marriages. Even today, some societies have meticulously preserved tradition on the status of Adam’s partner. To serve as objects of desire and weakness – that was their role. Nonetheless, there have been significant changes on the way society regards women. Various reforms have been made to the point that they now enjoy most of the liberties of men giving rise to the term â€Å"women empowerment†. Feminism comprises a number of social, cultural and political movements, theories and moral philosophies that are concerned with

Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Law - Assignment Example Thus the issues of racial profiling and discrimination are intimidating although Joe was arrested for â€Å"interfering with official police conduct†. The Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution challenges racial profiling and guarantees the safety of U.S. citizens from unreasonable search and seizure without probable cause (Weitzer and Tuch). Those in the enforcement community opposed to racial profiling term the practice unfortunate if ethnic and racial profiling is considered effective and necessary. Although the supporters of this practice content that due to socio-economic and demographic factors crime is reported highly in some communities that feel as a minority, and therefore the profiling cannot be avoided, lest the crime persist. Fundamentally, the case United States v. City of Los Angeles, the United States alleged that the Board of Police Commissioners of the City of Los Angeles and the Los Angeles Police Department (â€Å"LAPD†) engaged in the practice of depriving individuals of constitutional rights by using excessive force, false arrests, improper searches and seizures, all in violation of 14141 42 U.S.C. 14141. From the support of the some officers and a number of community groups and individuals, especially being people of color that attested to have suffered the injustices, formed the basis of the suit against the City defendants. The court on the basis of permissive intervention held that the community interveners had a right of a proposed government decree. Furthermore, it required that the City defendants shall seek declaratory relief from the district court to resolve the issue. Despite Joe’s harassment and eventual arrest for â€Å"interfering with official police conduct†, the police department overlooks the practice terming Officer Jones’s actions as well with official duties. Instead of the authorities being objective about the case, their support for the racial –profiling is unethical; and furthermore

Critical Analysis of Two Short Stories Walkers Everyday Use and Strong Essay

Critical Analysis of Two Short Stories Walkers Everyday Use and Strong Horse Tea - Essay Example â€Å"Strong Horse Tea† is a story revolving around Rannie Toomer, a single black mother of a baby boy named Snooks. She struggles to keep herself composed in the most difficult of situations which primarily involves the health of her son who is extremely ill but, no doctor would attend to his needs. She patiently waits for any kind of help from the doctors and refuses all sorts of home remedies or magic to heal her son because she does not believe in such notions proposed by her neighbor. She ignores the fact that the doctors are not willing to give her an appointment because of her color and, this represents her strength of self-worthiness and her capability of rising above the mundane. Hence, when Sarah, an old black woman, attempts to convince Rannie of using home remedies to heal her son, she blatantly declines her offer. Rannie remains fearless and independent with regard to her decision for seeking help from the modern facilities in the midst of the traditional methods her black community still revered. To split away from her own tradition was a courageous move she taken by Rannie. In the story â€Å"Everyday Use†, the situation is more or less the same but, what Mama’s eldest child Dee undergoes is a rebellious identity crisis. She is sent away from home for educational purposes but she realizes how little she knows about her own heritage. She renames herself Wangero which is an African name. She believes in a new optimistic, Americanized world for the blacks, which is not her fault. She was sent away from home and indirectly away from her own tradition. This, however, was not Mama’s intention. She sent her away so that she could receive the best education and also because Mama feared that she and Maggie would not be able to tolerate each other. When she arrives home on vacation she accompanies a boyfriend Hakim who

Reseach Paper proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reseach Paper proposal - Essay Example Machine helps machine to figure and work machine unfathomably speedier, lessening the handling speed, value and time. This development innovation changes all human lives. I have quite a while encounter in Plastic infusion Mold making and Machining part industry. For me as experience engineer, CNC is an enchantment. It made unthinkable dreams to true plausibility. CNC it helps me to transform and cut the metal speedier, precise and lively than some time recently. Useful of expounding on this theme is helping me to get progress data about CNC innovation. Whats more the gigantic sources from Cal State University Library are opening an alternate eye and world for me to get more learning and data about the business that I included as my first occupation. Clearly, this Human made engineering has some Advantage and Disadvantages. Points of interest of this machine are, for example, quick correspondence, less demanding arranging framework, sparing vitality and time, information stockpiling information regardless of size and numerous different things. Impediments of the Computer are, for example, unemployment, information security and wellbeing. In General profit or harm of this creation is upon to their client is utilizing it. It can spare some person time, expense and life, or it may case someone misfortune or harm. Anyway dependably workstation engineering improved human life and lead people to a propelled level of

Critical Resource Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Critical Resource Review - Essay Example (McGrath, 2006, p. 8) Though bullying has been detected in all levels of the educational system, it is widespread in middle school, as pointed out in three studies. There is, then, this marked increase in the incidence of bullying as students graduate from elementary and move on to middle school. (Monitor Online website, 1999) In general, schools can do more to address student bullying within its campus by fostering organizational trust. The more the students trust their teachers to be concerned with their safety and well-being, the less prone they become to being victimized by bullies. The conclusion of a study contends that trust in the faculty has its way of serving as protection for the students against the assaults of bullies, whether verbal or physical. (Smith & Birney, 2005, p. 480) Other than working on the students’ trust in the school faculty, the school can implement some other forms of intervention to address bullying amongst them. Examples of such interventions include curriculum-based strategies to increase the level of awareness of the students regarding bullying as a possible barrier against their overall development. Thus, video films can be shown, theatre plays can be staged and open forums can be held to encourage students to be open about bullying as a threat that would have to be tackled by the faculty and the students together. (Smith & Sharp, 1994, p. 24) These collective actions of the school teachers against bullying must be established as a program that would be continually advocated for the welfare of the students. Schools must send out the messages that they will fight the occurrence of all sorts of bullying activities not just for a time but perpetually (Olweus, 1993, p. 77). Meanwhile, the bully whose behavior has gone unchecked is generally set to grow up as an antisocial person who has no adequate capability for empathy with others and who, therefore, turns out to be selfishly intolerant of

Slavery and Mason Dixon Line Essay Example for Free

Slavery and Mason Dixon Line Essay Women and african american slaves played a huge role during the American Revolution, womens roles became more valued for their aid in the revolution and were under the idea of Republican motherhood or mothers for the new nation, while african american slaves were used for harsh manual labor and received little in return. Women began to have ideas of the revolution stimulate hopes and expectations for equality and freedom. In some cases they even gained voting rights, however overall the revolution only lead to a limited gain of status. The same could be said of the slaves. Although the slave trade itself was banned and in the northern states, slavery was abolished, it did not completely remove slavery and make them considered as a real person. Nonetheless, the ideals of the revolution inspired women and slaves for equality, freedom and independence that would contribute in the future. The American Revolution significantly affected aspects of slaves and the status of women. It provided slaves with an opportunity to escape their bondage through joining the army, while it gave women an opportunity to proclaim a more public role in society. The American Revolution had an impact on both slavery and the status of women from 1775-1800. It gave the African American slaves opportunities to Escape the bondage and join the army. It significantly affected the legal position of white women. Revolutions within the Revolution took place causing vivid changes in the aspects of women and slavery. It gave a new light to the women who had been looked down on and hope for slaveries who helped fight the cause. African American Slaves who had only the slightest chance to obtaining their own freedom had a new hope that the army would direct them to that path. Nevertheless there were no intentions of giving new privileges to these slaves in the army. They were to be nothing more than extra support against the British with little value. African-American slaves still had the same treatment as those who were in bondage. However, the slaves believed that since they were fighting for the white people they would be given more freedom. With a few exceptions this did not happen. African-American soldiers did enjoy the few things white people took for granted but other than that they only continued to serve as a slave. Some slaves managed to escape the during the confusion and chaos of the war and  act as a freed slave without being caught and some went out to help others. Slavery continued after the war despite the efforts of African-American soldiers. Although slavery didnt undergo any major changes the aftermath of the war inspired many criticisms on slavery. A group called the Quakers formed to help free a small percentage of slaves. Much like slavery, white women were affected by the revolution. They were beginning to proclaim a public role in society. They were given a wide range of roles to further their independence in the war. Women were able to help support the cause which they played an important role in. This affected the relations between man and woman to a more bonded level. A woman was not only a wife and a mother but a mutual companion. Both Slavery and the status of women were in the first stages of gaining independence and liberty. Before the American Revolution African Americans had NO chance of freedom. They were being shipped as slaves along the triangle trade route , but after the revolution the question was discussed of abolishing slavery in the constitutional convention and the writing of the declaration of independence. Do to the fact that it was such a touchy issue for the south, due to the large economic impact of abolishing slavery, the question was thrown out and a treaty was signed that wouldnt let ANY laws on slavery be passed or even discussed for at lease 20 years. Moreover, many of the American Revolutionary Generals were slave owners in the first place and were reluctant to give up their own personal wealth. The effect of the American Revolutionary War on African Americans depended on where they lived. If they were slaves in the New England States, they were freed soon after the war ended. If they were slaves north of the Mason Dixon Line, they were freed about 30 years after the adoption of the constitution. If they were south of the Mason Dixon Line, some were freed but most were not.Slavery was also outlawed on mainland Britain- no man could land on British soil without being free. The British had promised many African-Americans their freedom from the colonists if they fought for the British, and around 20,000 of them did. When the British lost, they attempted to honor their agreement as much as possible by helping African-Americans travel to England and London with the retreating redcoats.  Some were even put ashore in Africa at their own request. Therefore many African-Americans clearly felt that their chances of freedom were better with the Brits.

Analysing Vitamins And Minerals Biology Essay

Analysing Vitamins And Minerals Biology Essay A free radical is reactive and unstable electrically charged atom with an unpaired electron in its outermost shell. To become stable, the free radical has to either give up or gain an electron from another molecule (Tortora et al. 2006, p. 32), thus effecting the bodys ability to maintain normal cell function (Rolfes et a. 2009, p. 391). Free radicals have been implicated in the aging process, heart disease, the development of cancer and other chronic diseases (NCNZ 2009, p. 56). Antioxidants are natural compounds that prevent or neutralise the damaging effects of free radicals, by donating an electron to the unstable molecule without affecting their own stability. Each vitamin and mineral antioxidant functions to protect a particular part of the body (NCNZ 2009, p. 56). For example, selenium functions as a component of proteins that prevent free-radiacal formation (Rolfes et al. 2009, p. 457) in tissues and cell membranes, and Vitamin C protects body fluids from oxidative stress (Rolfes et al. 2009, p. 351). Briefly discuss three factors that can affect the assimilation of supplements. Include within your discussion the reasons why supplements may be necessary and why these are sometimes poorly utilised by the body. Supplement absorption is dependent upon many different factors such as the bodys nutritional requirements, digestive function and time, supplement form and method of preparation, the types of foods they are taken with, and the presence of synergists, co-factors or inhibitors. Most vitamins are well absorbed in the digestive tract. Water soluble vitamins are readily assimilated directly into the blood and are better absorbed when digested with food. Fat soluble vitamins enter the blood via the lymph and require carriers for transport (NCNZ2 2010, p. 48). Fat soluble vitamins are best taken after meals (Haas 2006, p. 90). A fat deficient diet limits assimilation of fat soluble vitamins (NCNZ2 2010, p. 49). Minerals have a lower absorption rate than vitamins they compete with other minerals for absorption, and often require carriers for absorption and transportation (NCNZ2 2010, p. 51). Low stomach acidity also impacts the absorption of vitamins and minerals such as Vitamin B12 (NCNZ1 2010, p. 26). Calcium also, requires adequate stomach acidity dissolve prior to assimilation (NCNZ2 2010, p. 52). Supplement form and method of preparation result in differing levels of bioavailability. Naturally derived vitamins and minerals are believed to be assimilated better by the body. Natural supplements may be absorbed up to 85% more than their synthetic counterparts (NCNZ1 2010, p. 8). Naturally occurring forms of the same vitamin or mineral may also differ in absorption. For example, alpha tocopherol is the most active of the eight different naturally occuring forms of Vitamin E (NCNZ1 2010, p. 17). Some minerals are bound or chelated to different compounds that enable the mineral to be better absorbed by the body. Ionic minerals are fully dissolved in water particles, and appear to have superior absorption rates (NCNZ1 2010, p. 11). A varied balance of nutrients are required to work effectively together as synergists and cofactors to promote the absorption and function of vitamins and minerals in the body (NCNZ1 2010, p. 10). Vitamins and minerals can interact as synergists. Cofactors can include enzymes and coenzymes, amino acids, antioxidants, and activators (NCNZ1 2010, p. 9). For example, Vitamin C absorption is increased when taken with bioflavonoids (NCNZ1 2010, p. 28). And Vitamin C, an antioxidant, is a synergist for Vitamins A, D, E, K, B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B9, calcium, magnesium, iodine, iron, manganese, selenium. List four points detailing when supplementation may be necessary for someone? Declining mineral levels in foods: As the human body does not manufacture minerals, we need to obtain our daily requirements through our diet. However, intensive farming and agricultural practices since WWII have resulted in minerally deficient foods grown in nutrient depleted soils. If our fresh produce is deficient in nutrients, we may require additional supplementation as well as a healthy diet (NCNZ1 2010, p. 6). Pregnancy: Women who are planning pregnancy, are pregnant, or who are breastfeeding benefit from a balanced diet and supplementation of certain nutrients such as iron, folic acid and zinc to ensure an adequate supply of micronutrients to minimise the risk of maternal problems and birth defects (Haas 2006, p. 569). Life stages: Haas (2006, p. 89) recommends taking additional supplements to support the best possible health during life transition periods, such as adolscence or menopause. Supplementation is particularly beneficial in the elderly as they eat less, and are less efficient at assimilating nutrients from food. High consumption of stimulants: High consumption of refined foods, caffiene, alcohol and regular smoking can deplete nutrients in our body (Haas 2006, p. 154). Nutritional deficiencies create a variety of symptoms and increase our susceptibility to disease. Supplementation can used as a primary treatment for specific problems, for detoxification, or to restore nutritional imbalances (Haas 2006, p. 88-89). C r NCr Question 5 What is the best absorbed form of vitamin E? List three female health complaints where evidence has shown that vitamin E can help. The most bioavailable form of vitamin E is alpha-tocopherol. Naturally occurring vitamin E (d-ÃŽÂ ±-tocopherol) is more biologically active and potent than its synthetic equivalent dl-ÃŽÂ ± tocopherol (Zimmerman 2001, p. 29). Fibrocystic breast disease Clinical studies have shown vitamin E supplementation as an effective treatment for fibrocystic breast disease (Murray 1998, p. 456; Haas 2006, p. 104; Zimmerman 2001, p. 32). Menopause Vitamin E supplementation of 400-800IU daily has been shown to reduce symptoms associated with menopause, particularly hot flushes and atrophic vaginitis (Stengler 2001, p 479; Murray 1998, p. 637, Haas 2006, p. 104) . Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) Symptoms of breast tenderness, depression, nervous tension, headaches, fatigue, insomnia and cravings are reduced in women with PMS following vitamin E supplementation (Murray et al. 1998, p. 747; Stengler 2001, p. 480; Zimmerman 2001, p. 32). C r NCr Question 6 Name at least five whole food sources that are high in vitamin K. Whole food sources high in vitamin K include leafy greens such as cabbage, kale, lettuce and spinach, alfalfa, kelp, eggs, fish and wholegrain oats (Haas 2006, p. 107; NCNZ 2010, p. 17). Apart from food sources, how else is this vitamin provided? Vitamin K is produced in the human body by intestinal bacteria (NCNZ 2010, p. 17). List three important functions of vitamin K. The synthesis of coagulation proteins in the liver Factors II, VII, IX and X in the coagulation cascade, all necessary for blood clotting Required for bone formation, Vitamin K participates in the synthesis of the bone protein osteocalcin which regulates calcium metabolism. Assists in glycogenesis the conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage in the liver. (Balch 2006, p. 27) C r NCr Question 7 List four unrefined sources that are high in vitamin A and four good sources of beta carotene. Unrefined sources high in retinol include liver, fish liver oil, egg yolks and whole milk. Sources of beta carotene include carrots, apricots, rockmelon and kumara (Haas 2006, p. 93). Describe the pathway of conversion between beta carotene and vitamin A. Provitamin A beta-carotene is converted to retinal during absorption in the upper intestine and by the liver, and further converted by the body to Vitamin A retinol (Haas 2006, p. 92). Why may large doses of vitamin A be toxic to the body as opposed to high doses of beta carotene? Retinols are absorbed faster and processed more efficiently than beta-carotenes. Conversion of beta-carotene to retinol is regulated in the body and stored in adipose tissue until required (Rolfes et al. 2***, p. 374). Diets that are low in fat may contribute to decreased absorption of which group of nutrients? The fat soluble vitamins A, E, D and K. Also absorption of carotenoids, such as beta-carotene is enhanced by consuming fat with a meal (NCNZ1 2010, p. 14). C r NCr Question 8 Many of the B vitamins have corresponding tongue and mouth deficiency signs. On the tongue diagrams provided, draw the various signs of B vitamin deficiency that might be seen and write underneath any mouth signs. B1: Lines down the side of tongue and furrows on tongue. B2: Angular stomatitis; cracked lips; cold sores; a sore, bright red or purple tongue that may be mapped. B3: Mouth sores; cracks in the tongue, often in the middle; a red tip; scalloping; raised papillae; possible small tongue. B5: Big, red, beefy tongue with cracks and furrows. B6: Angular stomatitis; enlarged red tongue; redness on the edge of the tongue B12: Tongue may be smooth, with a strawberry tip and edge. (NCNZ 2010, p. 20-27) C r NCr Question 9 Name five unrefined foods that are especially high in B vitamins, at least two of them should be from vegetarian sources. Liver, brewers yeast, whole grains, wheat germ, legumes. Describe how a deficiency of vitamin B3 leads to symptoms of anxiety or depression, poor sleeping, and carbohydrate cravings? Trytophan is a precursor of seratonin and vitamin B3 (Haas 2006, p. 47). Vitamin B3 is converted from tryptophan if vitamin B3 levels are low, which depletes serotonin levels. Low levels of serotonin can lead to symptoms of anxiety, depression, carbohydrate cravings and insomnia (NCNZ 2010, p. 22). List seven other vitamins or minerals that are important for stress response? Vitamin A, C, E Selenium are potent antioxidants that reduce free radical damage caused by stress. Vitamin C also supports adrenal function. All the B vitamins are required for the proper functioning of the nervous system, particularly Vitamin B5, considered the anti-stress vitamin essential for healthy adrenal function (NCNZ 2010). Calcium and Magnesium are both deficient when stressed. Calcium is important for nerve transmission and aids relaxation and Magesium, a natural tranquilizer, helps to balance the nervous system (Haas 2006, p. 602). What is the full name of vitamin B7? List three therapeutic uses for this vitamin. Biotin can be used therapeutically to control blood glucose in diabetes, for fat metabolism and utilisation in weight management, to prevent hair loss when related to biotin deficiency, and for dermatological conditions such as dermatits and eczema (Haas 2006, p. 128). A deficiency of which digestive juices can contribute to B12 deficiency? Hydrochloric acid aids in the absorption of vitamin B12 (Haas 2006, p. 125). What dietary factors can contribute to a B12 deficiency? B12 deficiency can occur in people with strict vegetarian diets (Haas 2006, p. 126). Dairy and wheat intolerances interfere with Vitamin B12 absorption, and excessive consumption of alcohol and coffee can reduce B12 levels (NCNZ 2010, p.26). C r NCr Question 10 What vitamins and minerals are affected by oral contraceptive pill (O.C.P) use? Discuss whether their absorption is increased or decreased by the O.C.P. The OCP interferes with the metabolism of most of the B vitamins. In particular, reduced levels of B6, B9 and B12 are related to inadequate absorption (Haas 2006, p. 718). The OCP may also decrease absorption of Vitamin C in the body (Balch 2006, p. 24; Haas 2006, p. 718). Copper absorption is increased with OCP use (NCNZ 2010, p. 34). Zinc absorption is decreased due to high copper levels, therefore zinc levels drop also (NCNZ 2010, p. 44; Haas 2006, p. 718). C r NCr Question 11 Which four main nutrients and cofactors are necessary for the prevention of anaemia? Iron, vitamin B12, Folic acid and Vitamin C (NCNZ1 2010; Balch 2006, p. 201). C r NCr Question 12 List five factors that increase, and five factors that decrease, the absorption of calcium Increase calcium absorption Decrease calcium absorption Moderate exercise Lack of exercise Vitamin D Excess dietary fat Lactose Oxalic acid foods (e.g. almonds, cocoa, rhubarb, spinach) Amino acid lysine Phytates (found in whole grain foods) Gastric hydrochloric acid Stress (NCNZ 2010, p. 30; Balch 2006, p. 31; Haas 2001, p. 155) Research and describe with reasoning how magnesium can benefit three specific health conditions: Cardiovascular disease, PMS, depression, hypertension Cardiovascular disease: According to Haas (2006, p. 666), Magnesium may be the single most important nutrient in CVD protection, especially when it is deficient. Magnesium (Mg) deficiency is associated with fatal cardiac arrhythmia, hypertension, heart disease and sudden cardiac arrest (Balch 2006, p. 36; Haas 2006, p. 162). Mg is involved in many enzyme actions controlling glucose, protein and fats (Balch 2006, p. 301) which contribute to energy production and cardiovascular function. Mg assists in maintaining proper heart rhythm and blood pressure (Balch 2006, p. 467). Magnesium is required for the electrical stability of the myocardium, is used to produce energy for heart contractions and regular rhythm, and also relaxes the blood vessel walls, improving circulation and reducing blood pressure. (Haas 2006, p. 666; Al-Delaimy et al. 2004). Mg also keeps calcium in circulation, minimizing increased muscle contractility and nerve conduction of the heart (Al-Delaimy et al. 2004). A randomized clinical trial showed that intravenous magnesium administered in acute myocardial infarction was associated with a 49% reduction in ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation, a 58% reduction in the incidence of cardiac arrest, and a 54% reduction in mortality (Horner, 1992). Research has shown that increased dietary and supplemental magnesium intake was possibly associated with a modestly lower risk of CVD among men (Al-Delaimy et al. 2004). In a cohort study of women, higher plasma concentrations and dietary magnesium intakes were associated with lower risks of sudden cardiac death (Chiuve et al. 2011). Other research have demonstrated that higher magnesium intake was associated with lower blood pressure and lower risk of type 2 diabetes, both of which are risk factors for CVD (Al-Delaimy et al. 2004). Al-Delaimy W. Rimm E. Willet W. Stampfer M. Hu F. (2004), Magnesium Intake and Risk of CHYPERLINK http://www.jacn.org/cgi/content/full/23/1/63oronary Heart Disease among Men, Journal of the American College of Nutrition, Vol. 23 (1), p. 63-70 Chiuve S, Januzzi J. Gantzer M. Albert C. (2011) Plasma and dietary magnesium and risk of sudden cardiac death in women, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 93 (2), p. 253-260 Horner S. (1992), Efficacy of Intravenous Magnesium in Acute Myocardial Infarction in Reducing Arrhythmias and Mortality: Meta-analysis of Magnesium in Acute Myocardial Infarction, Circulation, Vol. 86, p. 774-779 PMS: Magnesium (Mg) is known fluctuate across the menstrual cycle and is often at its lowest level during menstruation (Haas 2006, p.164). Mg is involved in various cellular pathways and neuromuscular actions which affect PMS, and deficiency may be related (Balch 2006, p. 646). Haas (2006, p. 721) suggests that Mg may assist with PMS symptoms such as anxiety, mood swings, fatigue, irritability, dysmenorrhoea, pre-menstrual depression and bloating. Mg has been noted to reduce negative mood and water retention, and is more effective than placebo in some studies. One study demonstrated the synergistic effect of Mg + vitamin B6 on reducing anxiety-related premenstrual symptoms such as nervous tension, mood swings and irritability (De Souza, 2000). However, a double blinded placebo controlled study of intravenous magnesium infusion in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder found no significant difference in mood symptoms and no evidence of magnesium deficiency when compared to the control group (Braverman, 2007). Limited evidence suggests that Mg supplements might be useful in treating premenstrual symptoms and warrants further investigation. Braverman P. (2007), Mini-Review: Premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder, Journal of Paediatric and Adolescent Gynaecology, Vol. 20, p. 3-12 De Souza M. Walker A. Robinson P. Bolland K. (2000), A Synergistic Effect of a Daily Supplement for 1 Month of 200 mg Magnesium plus 50 mg Vitamin B6 for the Relief of Anxiety-Related Premenstrual Symptoms: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Crossover Study, Journal of Womens Health Gender-Based Medicine, Vol. 9 (2), p. 131-139 Depression: It has been suggested that magnesium deficiency causes most major depression episodes and related mental health illnesses. Treatment using magnesium glycinate or taurinate is important for restoring balance (Eby, 2010), and for relaxation and dealing with stress (Haas 2006, p.737). Magnesium chloride (Magnesia muriatica) has been used successfully as a homeopathic treatment of emotional problems such as anxiety, apathy, aversions, despair, depression, discontent, headaches, fear, insecurity, irritability, moodiness and uncertainty (Eby, 2006). Magnesium is necessary in the actions of over 300 enzymes, many of which have a wide role in brain biochemistry, implicating magnesium deficiency in a variety of neuroses (Eby, 2006). It plays a vital role in all the major metabolisms in oxidation-reduction and in ionic regulation (Eby, 2010). Magnesium ions regulate calcium ion flow in neuronal calcium channels, regulating neuronal nitric oxide production. Magnesium deficiency may cause N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-coupled calcium channels to be biased towards opening, causing neuronal damage and neurological dysfunction, exhibited as major depression (Eby, 2006). Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) magnesium has been found low in patients with treatment-resistant suicidal depression, and brain magnesium has been found low in treatment-resistant depression. However, low blood magnesium levels is not associated with major depression. Insufficient brain magnesium is proposed to reduce serotonin levels (Eby, 2010). Hypothyroidism (symptoms include depression), is associated with low magnesium whereby circulating T4 levels interrelate with magnesium serum levels (Eby, 2006). Oral magnesium treatment has been found to be effective in treating major depression (Eby, 2010). Case histories have shown that patients taking 125-300  mg of magnesium glycinate and taurinate taken with meals and before bed show a speedy recovery from major depression (Eby, 2006). Eby (2010) recommends that magnesium be prescribed for treatment-resistant depression, with continued research required to further confirm current findings. Eby G. Eby K. (2006), Rapid Recovery from Major HYPERLINK http://ezproxy.massagecollege.ac.nz:2051/science?_ob=ArticleURL_udi=B6WN2-4JHMS7D-3_user=8750106_coverDate=12/31/2006_alid=1680154477_rdoc=4_fmt=high_orig=search_origin=search_zone=rslt_list_item_cdi=6950_sort=r_st=13_docanchor=view=c_ct=20625_acct=C000107557_version=1_urlVersion=0_userid=8750106md5=fa99ab1c8e18348d65cd4a0f313c960bsearchtype=aDepression using HYPERLINK http://ezproxy.massagecollege.ac.nz:2051/science?_ob=ArticleURL_udi=B6WN2-4JHMS7D-3_user=8750106_coverDate=12/31/2006_alid=1680154477_rdoc=4_fmt=high_orig=search_origin=search_zone=rslt_list_item_cdi=6950_sort=r_st=13_docanchor=view=c_ct=20625_acct=C000107557_version=1_urlVersion=0_userid=8750106md5=fa99ab1c8e18348d65cd4a0f313c960bsearchtype=aMagnesium Treatment, Medical Hypotheses, Vol. 67, p. 362-370 Eby G. Eby K. (2010) Magnesium for treatment-resistant depression: A review and hypothesis,  Ã‚   Medical Hypotheses, Vol. 74 (4), p. 649-660 STOMACH CANCER Selenium you need to go over most of the  nutrients and sort out which relate to which type of cancer.   There is a very good section in Prescription for Nutritional Healing (Balch Balch) on different cancers and treatments including nutritional ones.   If you dig through Haas also you will find plenty of references to cancer and nutrients.   There are also references in the study notes, as you have mentioned.   NCr

Analysis Of RSA Algorithm Communications Essay

Analysis Of RSA Algorithm Communications Essay To protect and hide data from malicious attacker and irrelevant public is the fundamental necessity of a security system. So for this reason for hiding data many cryptographic primitives like symmetric and asymmetric cryptography, digital signatures, hash functions etc. The symmetric cryptography consists of same key for encrypting and also for decrypting the data. Where as asymmetric cryptography takes advantage of a pair of keys to encrypt and decrypt the message. These keys are public key and a private key. The key which is distributed to other and which is publicly known is known as a public key and the key which is kept secret is known as private key. These two keys are needed simultaneously both for encrypting and decrypting the data. Public key will encrypt the data where as private key is used to decrypt the data. Asymmetric cryptographic should satisfy following properties. They are: Key generation process must be computationally efficient. By using the public key of the receiver the sender must be able to process the cipher text for any given message. By using the private key the decryption of cipher text into plain text should be done by the receiver. It will be impossible to compute like encrypt or decrypt the data without either of the key. RSA was designed by Ronald Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Len Adleman. It is an asymmetric cryptographic technology. As in asymmetric cryptographic encryption the public key is known by everyone where as the private key is kept undisclosed. For decryption of data which is encrypted with the public key, private key must only be used. Integers between 0 to n-1 where n is the modulus are taken as cipher and plain text. This n is generally 1024 bits. But the suggested length of n is 2048 bits instead of 1024 bits because it is no longer secure. Algorithm of Key generation: The following steps describe how a set of keys are generated. Two different prime numbers are selected which are not equal. Say p and q. this numbers are of same bit length. Determine modulus n where n=p.q Process or calculate à Ã¢â‚¬  (pq) =(pà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1)(qà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1). Here à Ã¢â‚¬   is totient. Select an integer which is public exponent e, such that 1 Calculate d. This can be calculated by using modular arithmetic. This should satisfy de=1. Now this ed-1 should be evenly divided by (p-1)(q-1) . Here (n,e) is the public key which is used for encryption and (n,d) is a private key which is used for decryption. Encryption: The following steps describe the how encryption is done in RSA algorithm. It is illustrated with an example where in two imaginary characters are described Alice and Bob. As we know that public key is (n,e) this is transmitted by Alice to Bob by keeping her private key secret. A message say M is wished by Bob to send to Alice. Before sending the message M it is converted into an integer 0 Get the public key which is (n,e) Plain text integer is represented by m. Calculate cipher text as shown c=me Cipher text c is send to the receiver. Decryption: Now when Alice receives the message sent by Bob, she regains the original message m from cipher text c by utilizing her private key exponent d. this can be done by cd=m (mod n). Now she can recover M once she regains m by using Padding scheme. This is shown as cd = (me)d = med (mod n). Since , med = m1+kq(n) =m(mq(n))k =m (mod n) . By this we get the original message back. This can be shown in following steps. Private key (n,d) is used by receiver to calculate m=cd mod n. The plaintext m is extracted. Computational issues of RSA: Selection of the two prime numbers p q: In the very first step p is selected from a set of random number. After this it is ensured that p is odd by setting its highest and lowest bit. Finally p is made prime by applying a Miller Rabin algorithm. Choosing the value of e: By choosing a prime number for e, the mathematical equation can be satisfied. That is gcd(e,p-1) = q. Among these three numbers which are 3, 17 and 65537 e is chosen for fast modular exponentiation. Calculating the value d: It is determined by Extended Euclidean Algorithm which is equivalent to d = e-1 (mod q(n)). Modular exponentiation algorithm: This step of RSA is calculated by following mathematical equation: AB mod n = ( Security of RSA: RSA cryptosystems security system is not so perfect. Many attacks are present like Brute Force attack, Timing Attack, chosen Ciphertext attack and Mathematical attack are some prominent attack. Brute Force Attack: In this attack the attacker finds all possible way of combinations to break the private key. If the length of the key is long then it will be difficult for Brute force attackers to break the key as the possible combinations will exponentially increases rather then linearly. RSA uses a short secret key to avoid the long computations for encrypting and decrypting the data. If the key is long the process will become little slow because of these computations. Since RSA uses a short secret key Bute Force attack can easily break the key and hence make the system insecure. Mathematical Attacks: Since RSA algorithm is mathematical, the most prominent attack against RSA is Mathematical Attack. In the following way an attacker can attack the mathematical properties of RSA algorithm. * By finding out the values of p and q which are prime factors of modulus n, the à Ã¢â‚¬  (n)= (p-1)(q-1) can be found out. By finding out this it will be easy to find d = e-1(mod à Ã¢â‚¬   (n)). d = e-1(mod à Ã¢â‚¬   (n)). Can be directly calculated by determining the value of totient à Ã¢â‚¬  (n) without figuring the values of p and q. d can be figured out directly without first calculating the à Ã¢â‚¬  (n). This attack can be circumvented by using long length of key. By doing this it would be difficult to find out prime factors. That is the reason why it was recommended to use size of modulus as 2048 bits. Timing Attack: one of the side channel attack is timing attack in which attackers calculate the time variation for implementation. Attackers can easily determine d by calculating the time variations that take place for computation of Cd (mod n) for a given cipher text C. Many countermeasures are developed against such timing attacks. Following explains the way which this attack can be counteracted: If the time for all computations is made constant this attack can be counteracted but the problem in doing this is it can degrade the computational efficiency. By artificially showing noise to the attacker which can be produced by including a random delay to the exponentiation algorithm. This noise is virtual but appears real to the attacker. If we multiply a random number to the cipher text it will prevent the attacker from bit by bit scrutiny. Chosen Ciphertext Attack: RSA is susceptible to chosen cipher text attack due to mathematical property me1me2 = (m1m2)e (mod n) product of two plain text which is resultant of product of two cipher text. For example c = me (mod n) which is cipher text is decrypted in following steps: Calculate x = (c x 2e) mod n. Receive y = xd (mod n) by submitting x as a chosen cipher text. Multiplicative property is then applied which is: x = (c mod n) x (2c mod n) = (mc mod n ) x (2c mod n) = (2m)c mod n. By this attacker can calculate m by using y = (2m). By padding the plain text at the implementation level this restraint can be easily solved. Several versions of RSA cryptography standard are been implemented. PKCS Public Key Cryptography standards are latest version. The previous version was proven to be porn to Adaptive Chosen Ciphertext attack (CCA2). This adaptive chosen cipher text can be prevented by latest version which is Optimal Asymmetric Encryption Padding (OAEP). Bellare and Rogway introduced this OAEP. To process the plain text before encryption the OAEP uses a pair of casual oracles G and H which is Feistel network. Following two goals are satisfied by OAEP. OAEP PADDING PROCEDURE Due to addition of random numbers the probabilistic scheme are being replaced instead of the deterministic encryption scheme. If the attacker is unable to invert the trapdoor one way permutation then the partial decryption of the cipher text is prevented.

I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings Essay -- I Know Why The Caged Bird Si

In the autobiography I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, the main character Marguerite Johnson, is influenced by a preponderance of characters including Bailey Jr. , Momma Henderson, and Mrs. Bertha Flowers. One of the primary influences is her older brother, Bailey Jr.. Momma, or Annie Henderson, the parental grandmother, also plays an important role for Maya. Additionally, Mrs. Flowers, the black aristocrat of Stamps, saves Maya during an especially difficult time. All in all, these three characters act as important role models in the development of Marguerite through her juvenile years. First, Bailey Jr. serves as the most significant role in the protagonist’s young life. In the novel, Maya distinguishably states, â€Å" I would be the major loser if Bailey turned up dead. For he was all I claimed, if not all I had.† Bailey is one year senior to the main character, however, it makes no difference, for they both share many of the same interests, such as reading poems and playing games. When Angelou was eight, she and Bailey moved to St. Louis to live with their mother Vivian, and her mother’s boyfriend Mr. Freeman; soon after, Mr. Freeman sexually molests and rapes the young child; after such a horrid experience, the central character only speaks to Bailey who comforts and supports her. To sum up, Bailey gives much confidence to Marguerite throughout their childhood together. Second, Annie Henderson influences her granddaughter as an all powerful role model. For example, â€Å"Mo... I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings Essay -- I Know Why The Caged Bird Si In the autobiography I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, the main character Marguerite Johnson, is influenced by a preponderance of characters including Bailey Jr. , Momma Henderson, and Mrs. Bertha Flowers. One of the primary influences is her older brother, Bailey Jr.. Momma, or Annie Henderson, the parental grandmother, also plays an important role for Maya. Additionally, Mrs. Flowers, the black aristocrat of Stamps, saves Maya during an especially difficult time. All in all, these three characters act as important role models in the development of Marguerite through her juvenile years. First, Bailey Jr. serves as the most significant role in the protagonist’s young life. In the novel, Maya distinguishably states, â€Å" I would be the major loser if Bailey turned up dead. For he was all I claimed, if not all I had.† Bailey is one year senior to the main character, however, it makes no difference, for they both share many of the same interests, such as reading poems and playing games. When Angelou was eight, she and Bailey moved to St. Louis to live with their mother Vivian, and her mother’s boyfriend Mr. Freeman; soon after, Mr. Freeman sexually molests and rapes the young child; after such a horrid experience, the central character only speaks to Bailey who comforts and supports her. To sum up, Bailey gives much confidence to Marguerite throughout their childhood together. Second, Annie Henderson influences her granddaughter as an all powerful role model. For example, â€Å"Mo...

Canterbury Tales Essay - Comparing The Wife of Bath Prologue and Tale :: Comparison Compare Contrast Essays

The Wife of Bath: Similarities Between the Prologue and the Tale In The Canterbury Tales, written by Geoffrey Chaucer, The Wife of Bath seems to be one of the more vivacious characters on the pilgrimage. Dame Alice has radical views about women and marriage in a time when women were expected to be passive toward men. There are many things consistent between The Wife of Bath's prologue and her tale. The most apparent similarities that clearly depict the comparison between the prologue and the tale are dominance of both women over their husbands, the duplication of appearance between the old hag and Dame Alice and finally the reality is that the fifth husband and the knight are very alike in personality. Although there are some contrasts amid the prologue and the tale, the resemblance far outweigh them. To commence, The Wife of Bath, Dame Alice, is dominant over all five of her husbands and although she struggles with her fifth husband to gain the upper hand in the marriage, Dame Alice nevertheless in the end accomplishes her initial intention. Dame Alice seems to be only authentically happy when she has mastery over her husbands. They have to willingly hand over this power, consciously or unconsciously, because without their consent she has a battle on her hands, both challenging the other for ultimate superiority in the relationship. The old hag, likewise, gains control over her husband when the knight places her in the governing position and yet again as seen in the Wife of Bath's Prologue, the knight must consent to give up this power in order for the old hag to acquire it, for if he had not given her control of the partnership, both would have continued unhappily. Subsequently, a second relationship between the prologue and the tale is the description of both the old hag and the Wife of Bath, at least physically concerned. The Wife of Bath describes herself as old and lethargic, "But age, allas, that al wol envenime, Hath me biraft my beautee and my pith." (Chaucer: line 481-482). Although the physical description of Dame Alice is not as unpleasant as the portrait of the old woman, there is notable mimicry between the two women. The old woman is described by the knight as, "A fouler wight ther may no man devise." (Chaucer: line 1005), the old woman also quotes him later as saying she was "foul and old" (Chaucer: line 1219).

John Locke and Immanuel Kant Essay

We are here concerned with the relationship between the human mind, somatic-sensory perceptions, objects of perception, and claims of knowledge arising from their interaction, through the philosophies of John Locke and Immanuel Kant. Confounding the ability to find solid epistemological ground, philosophers have, generally speaking, debated whether ‘what’ we know is prima facie determined by the objective, as-they-are, characteristics of the external world 1(epistemological realism) or if the mind determines, as-it-is, the nature of objects through its own experiential deductions (epistemological idealism). The purpose of this paper is to use the synthetical approach of Immanuel Kant, who utilizes a logical schematization of cognition along with experience (transcendental idealism), in the attaining of knowledge, to criticize Locke’s claims against innate ideas, and subsequently, origin and attainment of knowledge. In the first part of this paper, I will explain the major differences which distinguish epistemological realism and idealism. This disambiguation of philosophical jargon is to allow the reader to understand why the debate exists, how it impacts what human’s claims as ‘knowledge’, and whether or not the debate has any contemporary philosophical importance. This last feature is a relevant aspect of the debate since ‘knowledge’ applies to a great many areas of human life, including, but not limited to, the sciences, morality and ethics, and aesthetics. In the second part of this paper, I will outline Kant’s idealism, otherwise known as, transcendental idealism. This section will lay out the terminology in Kant’s epistemology which will act as a backdrop for comparing and contrasting the theory of Locke. This section will also describe the foundation of Kant’s epistemological claims. As mentioned in the introduction, the mind, the somatic-sensory perceptions, and objects of perception are to be accounted for in the debate between idealism and realism. Thus, the second part of the paper will conclude with an understanding of how knowledge arises under the rubric of Kant’s transcendental idealism. The third part of this paper is then dedicated to providing an account of Lockean innate knowledge and its place in our epistemological enquiry. It is presumed that several deficiencies, to be discussed, are apparent in Locke’s epistemological realism without the use of innate ‘ideas’. These deficiencies, however, are percolated only in light of the Kantian juxtaposition for which this section serves the purpose. In the final part of this paper, I will conclude that while Locke’s epistemological theories h ave had a great influence on the progress of epistemology, especially as a critique against rationalism, the idea of no innate ideas impressed upon the mind prior to experience ultimately leads Lockean realism to base claims that all knowledge arises solely from experience as inexhaustively question-begging without Kant’s transcendentalism. Dealing with the problems of realism and idealism can be seen in humans as young as three years old. Although it may not be so apparent to parents at the time, when a child asks, â€Å"How do you know that? † they are challenging the method in which a person uses to ‘know’ what they know. However, children, like philosophers, might not be satisfied with the first answer and continue with a meta-inquiry: â€Å"How do you know that? † While this interrogative approach to understanding the world can be frustrating it does illuminate a particular problem in reasoning, generally. That is, at some point we are forced to answer, vacuously, â€Å"I know, because I know. † However, the persistent child philosopher can rebut with, â€Å"How do you know that you know? The problems intrinsic to the line of questioning above demonstrate a broad epistemological problem. To solve the problem philosophers have sought out ways in order to make ‘what we know’ or explaining ‘how we know’ a bit more reliable or certain. That is, to provide an answer to our inquisitive three year old that breaks the meta-inquiry of knowable certitude. Knowledge, however, is a little tricky because there is an identity problem between the world and the ideas, or tho ughts, in our minds. In making claims of knowledge we must presume certain things are true. To say that you know something assumes that you (1) believe the world represented in your mind is exactly as it is whether you perceive it or not and what we have to say about the world must correspond to the way the world is perceived, (2) the world gives us information about objects, which can be accurate, but our minds are the final decision makers about the nature of those objects which can lead to skepticism, or (3) there is nothing stable about the appearances of the world as presented to our minds, and what we know is solely the product of collective reflection, otherwise known as easoning. In the context of my thesis, it could be argued that if a set of instructions were provided, such as innate ideas in the mind, these three broad, epistemological viewpoints would be narrowed down to one. The first assumption, (1), is the philosophical position known, broadly, as epistemological realism. The second assumption, (2), is more of a dualism in that it is believed there is enough perceived objectivity in the world to have some certain knowledge of it, but it is still subjected to our experiential bias (intuition plays a more integral role in this doctrine). This is a kind of realism in that certain properties about the objects we perceive are unalterable or indisputable since they would retain those characteristics whether or not they are observed. The third position is epistemological idealism. This position holds, generally, that knowledge is not a product of the nature of objects, but instead, derived from the nature of the mind. In other words, the certainty of knowledge is granted through the nature of the mind found within the species deliberating over certain claims. As mentioned, the debate between idealism and realism does have, beyond satisfying the curiosity of toddlers, implications in other areas of philosophy. It is not the focus of this paper, but an example that illustrates potential problems is that of ethics and morality. In epistemological realism, it may be the case that certain acts produce pain in humans, but there is nothing, it is alleged, which a person can point to in the world that would verify this (kind of) pain as bad, good, rightly, wrongly imposed. In other words, epistemological realism holds that we can know facts about the way the world is because our mind is receptive and capable of reproducing them accurately in our minds, but it is another thing to try to extrapolate from these facts/experiences a particular value/meaning to attach to prescriptive claims. In the extreme case, an epistemological realist might claim that all rules of morality are completely made up and merely appeal to our feelings about facts, but we cannot know for certain. As for idealism, morality appears as a less problematic discourse since the very proprietor of knowledge is that which is arbitrating over moral disputes. However, the kind of facts and/or values which moral claims arise, for idealists, are of a strictly theoretical nature and can be said to carry as much empirical or logical certainty as those doubted in the case of realism. At best they are egocentric and/or egotistic. Even in contemporary debates, which diverge subtly from the philosophies this paper examines, the entailment of moral truths from realist or idealist doctrines remains unsolved. In some cases, such as Marxist philosophy, there can be a real confusion about which doctrine actually prevails. The Communist rule of Stalin and Mao is arguably a perversion of epistemological realism for what was actually and indiscernibly expressed as an idealist project. It was in the Critique of Pure Reason that the philosopher Immanuel Kant attempted to settle the problem of epistemological certainty and skepticism. Recalling the relationship between the mind, objects of the world, our perceptive apparatuses, and knowledge, Kant opens up the Critique of Pure Reason with two allusive statements[1]: (1) â€Å"†¦no knowledge our ours is antecedent to experience, but begins with it. † (2) â€Å"†¦though all of our knowledge begins with experience, it by no means follows that all arises out of experience. † Situating these two phrases within the context of realism and idealism requires parsing out the some key phrases within these statements. The first key phrase or term is â€Å"begins. † Kant tells us that â€Å"knowledge begins with experience. † That is, in order to say â€Å"I know,† one must first have an object which makes some kind of sensory impression on the mind. [2]â€Å"For how is it possible,† Kant asks, â€Å"that the faculty of cognition should be awakened into exercise otherwise by means of objects which affect our senses†¦so to convert the raw material of our sensuous impressions into a knowledge of objects? It is, therefore, objects in the world that first supply us with the â€Å"raw material† for ‘beginning’ the process of attaining knowledge; the term ‘process’ is important here, because the two statements above allude to two different kinds of knowledge. It is not the case, claims Kant, all knowledge is a direct derivative of compounding impressions of raw data. For Kant, and this point lays the foundation of idealism, the mind plays a much more integral role in determining how those impressions are arranged in pre-conscious faculties. This difference plays an important role in the realism/idealism debate since the relationship between the minds’ functioning and knowledge claims depends upon disassociating two different kinds of demonstrations: (1) a method of proving what is known, (2) the acquisition of knowledge. More specifically, the debate between realism and idealism must in some ways reconcile itself with knowledge claims that are a priori and/or a posteriori. The former refers to rationalized knowledge which is universal, necessary and independent of experience (though this last condition, as we will see, is not so clear in Kant’s idealism). The latter is empirical knowledge which is acquired directly through our sensory perception and is validated by the relationship between what is stated and the way the world appears to be. For example, the claim that ‘snow is cold’ is a posteriori since the concept of ‘cold’ is not directly related to ‘snow’ independent of human experience. What is a priori knowledge is the fundamental subject of Kant’s transcendental idealism. According to Kant, a priori knowledge is not just about a method of proof, but also about how we attain a priori knowledge. As mentioned above, Kant is concerned with not only the knowledge that comes from experience, but also knowledge that arises from experience. That is, Kant seeks to settle how a priori knowledge, knowledge that lends epistemological certitude regarding to certain claims, is attained and verified without relying on facts about an external world. It is here that we see explicitly how a priori knowledge and epistemological idealism are integral and linked to the realism/idealism discussion; a priori knowledge is attained through a logical rationalization of concepts about objects that does not require a direct experience of them. In other words, a priori knowledge is knowledge which, according to Kant, begins with experience, but does not necessarily arise from that experience. To unpack this influx of these epistemological connections, it will be instructive to begin with what Kant calls the Transcendental Aesthetic. There is, states Kant, an arrangement to the mind which makes experience possible. This arrangement, or what Kant calls ‘schematism’ not only makes experience possible, but it also limits the scope of possible experiences. To refocus, Kant’s position is that space and time are the two most fundamental conditions for having an experience. All objects which are presented to the mind are done so, necessarily, in time and in space. It is important to recall that objects of perception/experience make impressions on the mind which is done through any or all of the five senses. This means that space and time, in order to be objects of the external world, must possess the property of being sensible. But if space is the condition for which objects are experienced, then space can only exist because space exists (this kind of paradox is addressed in the Antinomies). The same applies to time. Kant, therefore, purports that space and time are mere formal conditionings of objects via the minds operation providing, at the same time, the possibility of experience and experiential limitations. The upshot for Kant is that he loses nothing with this claim. The reality of space and time, as external objects, would lend no more validity to knowledge claims since the properties of space and time are necessary conditions for experience. Thus, making knowledge claims do not change whether space and time are properties of realist or idealist doctrines. In addition, Kant avoids the paradoxes which arise from claiming space and as objects of external reality by placing them as antecedent conditions for experience, as is needed, in the mind. This leads us to what Kant calls ‘synthetical’ claims a priori. By placing objects in space and in time there are going to be properties pertaining to the relations of objects to other objects and properties of objects that will follow the logic of being so represented. When Kant says that knowledge can arise from experience he is referring to the synthetical claims a priori which are determined by the logic of space and time as formal conditions for experiential representations. This is how Kant is able to famously answer how ‘every change has cause’ is necessary without realist fact. Kant admits that change is something that must be experienced, but change is an experience in space and in time. Since time is represented as a succession or the proceeding of an object through/from time t1 to time t2, and change is a relation of cause and effect, and since a cause cannot be its effect (see the paradox of space and time being the conditions of their own existence above), then once we are able to experience an event as ‘change’ in relation to an object (in time and space), we can, and with no further experience, strictly use the concepts of ‘cause’, ‘event’, and ‘change’, to make the a priori claim that ‘every change has a cause’; note, not just a change, or some changes, but every change has a cause. In other words, because of Kant’s transcendental idealism, we are logically justified in attaching certain knowledge of properties and relations in and between objects beyond what is provided by what we know a posteriori.

Dubai as Rentier State

United Arab Emirates Political Economy The success of the United Arab Emirates come directly from its high revenue made from oil exports. This country was a desert region that turned into an economic boom in the recent years. According to CNN World News, â€Å"Abu Dhabi, the capital of the United Arab Emirates [is] the richest city in the world. The Emirate's citizens, who sit on one-tenth of the planet's oil and have almost $1 trillion invested abroad, are worth about $17 million apiece. Because of this factor, the UAE is considered one of the wealthiest countries in the world. However, turmoil struck the country with the recent global recession in 2008 that led to contradictions in their global oil wealth. Now that the country is recovering from this down point, the state infers global oil position will recover in sales on a slow but steady pace. In this research paper, I will demonstrate how the United Arab Emirates functions under a rentier economy and the country has not built the political stability they intended which led to challenges faced by the people and government.The rentier model of the United Arab Emirates depicts the stability of the political economy from its high oil revenues. A unique characteristic of the prosperity of the country stems from the fact of the discovery of oil. What oil production really means is a natural resource taken from the earth and not an existing good that is produced through sales. What distinguishes a rentier economy from other countries is the oil profits and its high dependence on one necessity for foreigners. A rentier is a group or entire state that profits on income from property or investments, and in such a case oil from the UAE.The rentier is not involved with the making of the incentive, but is entitled to a high amount of the money. In his journal, â€Å"The Rentier State in the Arab World,† Beblawi explains what a rentier economy is based upon. He claims, â€Å"There is no existence of a real ren tier state. Every rentier economy is an economic structure with the backings of external rent coming into the funds† (Beblawi). This rent is vital to the measurement of success in a rentier economy. This is the key factor in holding the economy together without a domestic sector. Also, a entier economy doesn't have many hands involved with the generation of the wealth. The creation of such wealth is maintained and kept within a small number of elites. The governance of the country is able to rely on the discovery of oil mines to external profit being it is a main factor in the county's high success rate. Previously, this money would have to come from the population, such as merchants and artisans, but now it can be received precociously from dependent revenue provided by the oil. The settlement between the social group and the workers create a social contract.About seventy to eighty percent of the lower to middle class, also known as the labor force, participates in the produc tion of oil in the United Arab Emirates. Whereas a large percentage is involved in the production, a small fraction of society partakes in the distribution, and benefits of the revenues. According to the Financial Times, â€Å"Due to the high volume of oil distribution and price increase, the early 1970's began an era of investments in industry, services, public works, and investments in infrastructure.Because of these investments, a high demand for a workforce grew which surpassed the demand of supply† (Chazan). This chain reaction led to a foreign workforce that would interfere with the national workforce. It became such a huge development that the foreign workforce evolved into the primary workforce in all sections of the economy. Developing the infrastructure system was one of the main fields where the Emirates sought improvement through other investments. Works such as roads, highways, airports, telecommunication networks, and governmental ministries were built.They revo lutionized the states from a barren into a highly developed country. The Arab monarchs then invested in another industry so they could ensure a long term source of income in a time where oil prices constantly changed. The last investment was an investment in social needs and services. These services included health care, educational improvement, and even housing facilities. The three areas of investment was designed for one purpose. That purpose is for a smoother more easy form of oil transportation, which would lead to a boom in the economy.The wealthy Arab monarchs spared no expense as they imported laborers from many countries. The countries in which they imported labor were India, Pakistan, Great Britain, Germany, and even the United States of America. Despite the heavy importation of laborers, it was only meant to be temporary, as the Monarchs believed the national population would serve as the workforce and take over where the foreign labor force left off. The Monarchs thought wrong as the national population were not too fond of taking manual labor jobs that were unpleasant or difficult.This created a problem of social structure within the Emirate people of the UAE. The population didn't want to take on these manual jobs after the federation set up a system of other high industry incomes. This led to influx of millions of foreign labors who remained in the country, which the government had no intention for tending to. A short term plan turned into a drawn out problem for the country. The astonishing detail of the United Arab Emirates is that they were able to create an oil revenue that provided the rulers with an upper hand.This country has built an entire welfare state in which it doesn't have to extrapolate tax from it's subjects. According to The New York Times, â€Å"Oil is the mainstay of the UAE economy and the driving force behind it. If there were to be a negative development in the country's financial situation or on the policy of the state, t he country will be faced with direct implementation due to these factions. † The oil prices have always been unsteady in the global market which has created a myriad amount of oil revenues. Certain common citizens are allowed to own their own portion of oil.But unfortunately, some of the oil revenues are given out in the federal government through high Emirate elites which hinders on the country's aptitude of generating their own in-housed wealth. The Emirate of Abu Dhabi earns the sanction of creating more than 90% of the total contribution to the oil market to secede in their country's fortune (CIA World Factbook). Dubai also contributes to this fund as well. The government structure of UAE, known as a federation system, do not procure ownership in the federal profits of oil so this makes the country highly susceptible to the dependence of the ruling family of Abu Dhabi.This ultimately makes the oil revenuers indirectly dependent. What toughens the situation for the country are the changing oil prices constantly that is not controlled by government or elite officials. State planning is hard to carry out under such circumstances. This is bound to stem from state profit being relied upon oil revenue that isn't promised for today and tomorrow's plans. This creates a setback from the people of the Emirates who cannot be supported by the federal budgets of such an economy thriving on the oil industry.There is an annual deficit of millions of dirhams (UAE currency) because of this fluctuation in oil prices. The focus of this essay has been to analyze how the United Arab Emirates try to obtain political firmness as a rentier state and not follow through with it successfully for the inhibitions of the people. The rentier theory points out that loyalty in politics is rooted in economic motivation. Economic welfare is meant to go hand in hand with political opposition. Yet, the economic welfare of the people are closely linked to oil revenue of the United Arab E mirates in the world market.The problem of foreign labor plays a part in the state's welfare policy as well. The importation of foreign labor was vital for the economic growth that started as a result of the oil price increase. The government thought that the national population would be able to give the needs to fill the workers’ place. This assumption turned out to be wrong. This essay has shown that the rulers’ welfare policies have made nationals skeptical in their choice of labor. In addition, this essay has depicted how the rentier model can exult the explanation of Abu Dhabi’s leading role within the federation.These facts have strengthened the assumption that the rulers use the oil economy as an instrument in securing stability but not to the country's best ability. Bibliography Beblawi, Hazem. â€Å"The Rentier State in the Arab World. † Politics of the Middle East (2009). Web. 5 May 2012. Chazan, Guy. â€Å"Oil: Finally Aligning Strategic Plans . † Financial Times. 16 Apr. 2012. Web. â€Å"Economy of UAE. † CIA World Factbook. 12 Apr. 2010. Web. Gared, Davidson. â€Å"Economy and Financing Projecting the UAE. † The New York Times. 16 Mar. 2011. Web. Gimbel, Barney. â€Å"The Richest City in the World. † CNN World News. 12 March 2007.

Nutrition cycle

This paper gives the summary of the Nutrition cycle in the atmosphere. The Carbon cycle, Nitrogen cycle, Phosphorous cycle, Sulfur cycle and Hydrologic cycle are all discussed. The paper also mentions how the human activity has affected these cycles.Carbon cycleThe Carbon Cycle is the circulation of carbon, fats, proteins, DNA and many other organic compounds that is required for life in the biosphere. It makes up for 0.038% of the volume of troposphere and is also present in water. The carbon dioxide present in the atmosphere is balanced by the generating, removing (terrestrial and aquatic producers) and cooling in the cycle. Any small changes in this cycle will affect the climate and life forms on the earth (Chapter3 55).Photosynthesis converts Carbon Dioxide into glucose. Aerobic respiration then breaks glucose and organic compounds and reconverts it to Carbon Dioxide and is released into the atmosphere. Recycling of Carbon takes place in the form of decomposition of dead plant ma tter to give fossil fuels such as coal and oil. These fossil fuels are non renewable energy (Chapter3 55).There are two main ways by which humans are affected, they are as follows – Firstly, humans clear trees and plants that help in photosynthesis and absorbs Carbon Dioxide. Secondly, Carbon Dioxide is added back to the atmosphere by burning wood and fossil fuels. The addition of Carbon Dioxide and other gases enhances the Earth’s natural green house effect. All this leads to global warming which affects the food produced and wildlife, temperature, precipitation and increases sea levels (Chapter3 55).Nitrogen cycleNitrogen is available in large quantities in the atmosphere but cannot be directly used or absorbed by mutlicellular plants and animals. Nitrogen gas makes up for 78% of the volume of the troposphere   Ã‚  Atmospheric discharges like lighting, bacteria in aquatic systems in soil and the roots of plants convert the Nitrogen available into Nutrients that can be absorbed by plants or animals. This process is known as the Nitrogen Cycle (Chapter3 55).The process consists of Nitrification which converts nitrite ions to nitrate ions. Then Ammonification occurs wherein bacteria convert the detritus into simple nitrogen containing compounds such as Ammonia and water soluble salts (Ammonium ions). Denitrification then converts the Ammonia and Ammonium ions back into nitrite and nitrate ions and then further into Nitrogen gas and Nitrous gas, which is released into the atmosphere (Chapter3 55, 56).There are many ways by which humans are affected; some of them are as follows – First, Acid rain consisting of Nitrogen Dioxide and Nitric Acid causes damages in the form of acid depositions. Second, livestock and inorganic fertilizers release Nitrous Oxide into the atmosphere. This affects the ozone layer. Third, Nitrates contaminate groundwater making it harmful to drink. Fourth, Destruction of forests, wetlands and grasslands release Nitrog en compounds into the troposphere. Fifth, aquatic ecosystems is disturbed when too much nitrates is released. Sixth, Harvesting of Nitrogen rich crops, irrigation and then burning or clearing of topsoil before replanting crops removes Nitrogen in the topsoil (Chapter3 56).Phosphorous cyclePhosphorus circulation occurs through the water, earth’s crust and then the living organisms. The Phosphorus cycle is slower and flows from land to the oceans. It is found as Phosphate salts such as Phosphate ions present in terrestrial rock formations and sediments at the bottom of the ocean. Water flows erodes these inorganic compounds and transfers it to the oceans where deposition occurs. This sedimentation limits the growth of plants as it is only slightly soluble but very harmful (Chapter3 57, 58).There are three main ways by which humans are affected, they are as follows – Firstly, Phosphate rock mining is done to make inorganic fertilizers and detergents. Secondly, deforestati on of tropical forests causes reduction of phosphate in tropical soils. Thirdly, aquatic life is disturbed due to Phosphates in animal wastes, fertilizers and sewage (Chapter3 58, 59).Sulfur cycleSulfur circulation occurs through the biosphere. Sulfur is stored underground in rocks and minerals; these also include sulfate salts that are buried in ocean sediments. Sulfur enters the atmosphere as Hydrogen Sulfides, Sulfur dioxides, Sufides and Sulfate salts. Acid deposition occurs due to the conversion of Sulfur Dioxide to Sulfur trioxide and then to Sulfuric acid, which along with air pollution harms tress and aquatic life (Chapter3 59).There are three main ways by which humans are affected, they are as follows – Firstly, burning of coal and oil to produce electric power adds Sulfur into the atmosphere. Secondly, Refining of Sulfur containing petroleum is done to give gasoline, heating oil and many other products. Thirdly, metallic mineral ores containing Sulfur are converted into free metals like copper, lead and zinc, this process releases huge amount of Sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere (Chapter3 59).Hydrologic cycleThe solar energy causes evaporation of water vapour on the earth’s surface into the atmosphere. Fresh water then returns to the earth’s surface as precipitation which gets locked in glaciers, some water gets stored in the ground as aquifers and the rest becomes surface runoff, which means water flows into lakes and streams, eventually flowing into the oceans. This process of evaporation, precipitation and percolation is a continuous cycle and is called the Water or Hydrologic cycle. This is therefore a global cycle that that collects, purifies, distributes and recycles the earth’s water supply (Chapter3 53, 54).There are three main ways by which humans are affected, they are as follows – Firstly, fresh water is obtained from streams, lakes and underground water. Secondly, land vegetation is cleared to build roa ds and construction buildings, for mining and for agricultural purposes. This process destroys wetlands and causes soil erosion, landslides and flooding. Thirdly, various nutrients in the form of fertilizers (phosphates and nitrates) and other pollutants are added to water causing imbalance in the ecological process that involves the purification of water (Chapter3 54, 55).Works CitedChapter 3. Ecosystems: What are they and how do they work? Environmental ScienceNow. http://biology.brookscole.com/miller11 Nutrition cycle This paper gives the summary of the Nutrition cycle in the atmosphere. The Carbon cycle, Nitrogen cycle, Phosphorous cycle, Sulfur cycle and Hydrologic cycle are all discussed. The paper also mentions how the human activity has affected these cycles.Carbon cycleThe Carbon Cycle is the circulation of carbon, fats, proteins, DNA and many other organic compounds that is required for life in the biosphere. It makes up for 0.038% of the volume of troposphere and is also present in water. The carbon dioxide present in the atmosphere is balanced by the generating, removing (terrestrial and aquatic producers) and cooling in the cycle. Any small changes in this cycle will affect the climate and life forms on the earth (Chapter3 55).Photosynthesis converts Carbon Dioxide into glucose. Aerobic respiration then breaks glucose and organic compounds and reconverts it to Carbon Dioxide and is released into the atmosphere. Recycling of Carbon takes place in the form of decomposition of dead plant ma tter to give fossil fuels such as coal and oil. These fossil fuels are non renewable energy (Chapter3 55).There are two main ways by which humans are affected, they are as follows – Firstly, humans clear trees and plants that help in photosynthesis and absorbs Carbon Dioxide. Secondly, Carbon Dioxide is added back to the atmosphere by burning wood and fossil fuels. The addition of Carbon Dioxide and other gases enhances the Earth’s natural green house effect. All this leads to global warming which affects the food produced and wildlife, temperature, precipitation and increases sea levels (Chapter3 55).Nitrogen cycleNitrogen is available in large quantities in the atmosphere but cannot be directly used or absorbed by mutlicellular plants and animals. Nitrogen gas makes up for 78% of the volume of the troposphere   Ã‚  Atmospheric discharges like lighting, bacteria in aquatic systems in soil and the roots of plants convert the Nitrogen available into Nutrients that can be absorbed by plants or animals. This process is known as the Nitrogen Cycle (Chapter3 55).The process consists of Nitrification which converts nitrite ions to nitrate ions. Then Ammonification occurs wherein bacteria convert the detritus into simple nitrogen containing compounds such as Ammonia and water soluble salts (Ammonium ions). Denitrification then converts the Ammonia and Ammonium ions back into nitrite and nitrate ions and then further into Nitrogen gas and Nitrous gas, which is released into the atmosphere (Chapter3 55, 56).There are many ways by which humans are affected; some of them are as follows – First, Acid rain consisting of Nitrogen Dioxide and Nitric Acid causes damages in the form of acid depositions. Second, livestock and inorganic fertilizers release Nitrous Oxide into the atmosphere. This affects the ozone layer. Third, Nitrates contaminate groundwater making it harmful to drink. Fourth, Destruction of forests, wetlands and grasslands release Nitrog en compounds into the troposphere. Fifth, aquatic ecosystems is disturbed when too much nitrates is released. Sixth, Harvesting of Nitrogen rich crops, irrigation and then burning or clearing of topsoil before replanting crops removes Nitrogen in the topsoil (Chapter3 56).Phosphorous cyclePhosphorus circulation occurs through the water, earth’s crust and then the living organisms. The Phosphorus cycle is slower and flows from land to the oceans. It is found as Phosphate salts such as Phosphate ions present in terrestrial rock formations and sediments at the bottom of the ocean. Water flows erodes these inorganic compounds and transfers it to the oceans where deposition occurs. This sedimentation limits the growth of plants as it is only slightly soluble but very harmful (Chapter3 57, 58).There are three main ways by which humans are affected, they are as follows – Firstly, Phosphate rock mining is done to make inorganic fertilizers and detergents. Secondly, deforestati on of tropical forests causes reduction of phosphate in tropical soils. Thirdly, aquatic life is disturbed due to Phosphates in animal wastes, fertilizers and sewage (Chapter3 58, 59).Sulfur cycleSulfur circulation occurs through the biosphere. Sulfur is stored underground in rocks and minerals; these also include sulfate salts that are buried in ocean sediments. Sulfur enters the atmosphere as Hydrogen Sulfides, Sulfur dioxides, Sufides and Sulfate salts. Acid deposition occurs due to the conversion of Sulfur Dioxide to Sulfur trioxide and then to Sulfuric acid, which along with air pollution harms tress and aquatic life (Chapter3 59).There are three main ways by which humans are affected, they are as follows – Firstly, burning of coal and oil to produce electric power adds Sulfur into the atmosphere. Secondly, Refining of Sulfur containing petroleum is done to give gasoline, heating oil and many other products. Thirdly, metallic mineral ores containing Sulfur are converted into free metals like copper, lead and zinc, this process releases huge amount of Sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere (Chapter3 59).Hydrologic cycleThe solar energy causes evaporation of water vapour on the earth’s surface into the atmosphere. Fresh water then returns to the earth’s surface as precipitation which gets locked in glaciers, some water gets stored in the ground as aquifers and the rest becomes surface runoff, which means water flows into lakes and streams, eventually flowing into the oceans. This process of evaporation, precipitation and percolation is a continuous cycle and is called the Water or Hydrologic cycle. This is therefore a global cycle that that collects, purifies, distributes and recycles the earth’s water supply (Chapter3 53, 54).There are three main ways by which humans are affected, they are as follows – Firstly, fresh water is obtained from streams, lakes and underground water. Secondly, land vegetation is cleared to build roa ds and construction buildings, for mining and for agricultural purposes. This process destroys wetlands and causes soil erosion, landslides and flooding. Thirdly, various nutrients in the form of fertilizers (phosphates and nitrates) and other pollutants are added to water causing imbalance in the ecological process that involves the purification of water (Chapter3 54, 55).Works CitedChapter 3. Ecosystems: What are they and how do they work? Environmental ScienceNow. http://biology.brookscole.com/miller11